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    *w_out = w;
    *d_out = d;
    return 1;
}

/* Securely obtain a fd: create exclusively (O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW at mode,
 * default 0600), or attach an existing file (O_RDWR|O_NOFOLLOW, no O_CREAT). */
static int cms_secure_open(const char *path, mode_t mode, char *errbuf) {
    for (int attempt = 0; attempt < 100; attempt++) {
        int fd = open(path, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC, mode);
        if (fd >= 0) { (void)fchmod(fd, mode); return fd; }   /* exact mode: umask narrowed the O_EXCL create */
        if (errno != EEXIST) { CMS_ERR("create %s: %s", path, strerror(errno)); return -1; }
        fd = open(path, O_RDWR|O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC);
        if (fd >= 0) return fd;
        if (errno == ENOENT) continue;   /* creator unlinked between our two opens; retry */
        CMS_ERR("open %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));  /* ELOOP => symlink rejected */
        return -1;
    }
    CMS_ERR("open %s: create/attach kept racing", path);
    return -1;
}