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    AI::MXNet::Updater                     $updater,
    Int                                    $num_device,
    Maybe[AI::MXNet::KVStore]              $kvstore=,
    Maybe[ArrayRef[Str]]                   $param_names=
)
{
    enumerate(sub{
        my ($index, $arg_list, $grad_list) = @_;
        if(not defined $grad_list->[0])
        {
            return;
        }
        if($kvstore)
        {
            my $name = $param_names->[$index];
            # push gradient, priority is negative index
            $kvstore->push($name, $grad_list, priority => -$index);
            # pull back the sum gradients, to the same locations.
            $kvstore->pull($name, out => $grad_list, priority => -$index);
        }
        enumerate(sub {
            my ($k, $w, $g) = @_;
            # faked an index here, to make optimizer create diff
            # state for the same index but on diff devs, TODO(mli)
            # use a better solution later
            &{$updater}($index*$num_device+$k, $g, $w);
        }, $arg_list, $grad_list);
    }, $param_arrays, $grad_arrays);
}

method load_checkpoint(Str $prefix, Int $epoch)
{
    my $symbol = AI::MXNet::Symbol->load("$prefix-symbol.json");
    my %save_dict = %{ AI::MXNet::NDArray->load(sprintf('%s-%04d.params', $prefix, $epoch)) };
    my %arg_params;
    my %aux_params;
    while(my ($k, $v) = each %save_dict)
    {
        my ($tp, $name) = split(/:/, $k, 2);
        if($tp eq 'arg')
        {
            $arg_params{$name} = $v;
        }
        if($tp eq 'aux')
        {
            $aux_params{$name} = $v;
        }
    }
    return ($symbol, \%arg_params, \%aux_params);
}

=head1 NAME

    AI::MXNet::Module - FeedForward interface of MXNet.
    See AI::MXNet::Module::Base for the details.
=cut

extends 'AI::MXNet::Module::Base';

has '_symbol'           => (is => 'ro', init_arg => 'symbol', isa => 'AI::MXNet::Symbol', required => 1);
has '_data_names'       => (is => 'ro', init_arg => 'data_names', isa => 'ArrayRef[Str]');
has '_label_names'      => (is => 'ro', init_arg => 'label_names', isa => 'Maybe[ArrayRef[Str]]');
has 'work_load_list'    => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Maybe[ArrayRef[Int]]');
has 'fixed_param_names' => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Maybe[ArrayRef[Str]]');
has 'state_names'       => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Maybe[ArrayRef[Str]]');
has 'logger'            => (is => 'ro', default => sub { AI::MXNet::Logging->get_logger });
has '_p'                => (is => 'rw', init_arg => undef);
has 'context'           => (
    is => 'ro', 
    isa => 'AI::MXNet::Context|ArrayRef[AI::MXNet::Context]',
    default => sub { AI::MXNet::Context->cpu }
);

around BUILDARGS => sub {
    my $orig  = shift;
    my $class = shift;
    if(@_%2)
    {
        my $symbol = shift;
        return $class->$orig(symbol => $symbol, @_);
    }
    return $class->$orig(@_);
};

sub BUILD
{
    my $self = shift;
    $self->_p(AI::MXNet::Module::Private->new);
    my $context = $self->context;
    if(blessed $context)
    {
        $context = [$context];
    }
    $self->_p->_context($context);
    my $work_load_list = $self->work_load_list;
    if(not defined $work_load_list)
    {
        $work_load_list = [(1)x@{$self->_p->_context}];
    }
    assert(@{ $work_load_list } == @{ $self->_p->_context });
    $self->_p->_work_load_list($work_load_list);
    my @data_names  = @{ $self->_data_names//['data'] };
    my @label_names = @{ $self->_label_names//['softmax_label'] };
    my @state_names = @{ $self->state_names//[] };
    my $arg_names   = $self->_symbol->list_arguments;
    my @input_names = (@data_names, @label_names, @state_names);
    my %input_names = map { $_ => 1 } @input_names;
    $self->_p->_param_names([grep { not exists $input_names{$_} } @{ $arg_names }]);
    $self->_p->_fixed_param_names($self->fixed_param_names//[]);
    $self->_p->_state_names(\@state_names);
    $self->_p->_aux_names($self->_symbol->list_auxiliary_states);
    $self->_p->_data_names(\@data_names);
    $self->_p->_label_names(\@label_names);
    $self->_p->_output_names($self->_symbol->list_outputs);
    $self->_p->_params_dirty(0);
    $self->_check_input_names($self->_symbol, $self->_p->_data_names, "data", 1);
    $self->_check_input_names($self->_symbol, $self->_p->_label_names, "label", 0);
    $self->_check_input_names($self->_symbol, $self->_p->_state_names, "state", 1);
    $self->_check_input_names($self->_symbol, $self->_p->_fixed_param_names, "fixed_param", 1);
}

method Module(@args) { return @args ?  __PACKAGE__->new(@args) : __PACKAGE__ }