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    return 1;
}

/* Securely obtain a fd: create exclusively (O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW at
 * file_mode, default 0600), or attach an existing file (O_RDWR|O_NOFOLLOW, no
 * O_CREAT). Blocks a symlink swap or pre-seeded/hard-linked backing file;
 * cross-user sharing is opt-in via a wider file_mode. */
static int rb_secure_open(const char *path, mode_t file_mode, char *errbuf) {
    for (int attempt = 0; attempt < 100; attempt++) {
        int fd = open(path, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC, file_mode);
        if (fd >= 0) { (void)fchmod(fd, file_mode); return fd; }   /* exact mode: umask narrowed the O_EXCL create */
        if (errno != EEXIST) { RB_ERR("create(%s): %s", path, strerror(errno)); return -1; }
        fd = open(path, O_RDWR|O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC);
        if (fd >= 0) return fd;
        if (errno == ENOENT) continue;
        RB_ERR("open(%s): %s", path, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    RB_ERR("open(%s): create/attach kept racing", path);
    return -1;
}