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If one user interacts with different devices at the same time (req. ), it is desirable that their user interfaces are coordinated. This is only possible, if the information about the currently used user interface elements is accessible to all involve...
In addition, some devices actually have several embedded computers (req. ). When a visual interaction area crosses the borders between displays that are physically placed next to each other, but connected to different machines, it is necessary that t...
However, for the Passage system, a shared user interface model is not necessary. It is sufficient that the virtual part of the bridge runs as an application local to each computer equipped with a bridge. Nevertheless, if the user interface is shared,...
Sharing the Environment Model: Environmental Awareness
When several people and devices physically share a common environment, it is obvious that applications that are used in such situations can benefit from a shared model of how their environment looks.
In ubiquitous computing environments, many different devices have attached sensors that allow detection of some aspects of the physical environment. By combining all available information and making it accessible to other applications, it is possible...
For a system such as Passage, a shared environment model – similar to a shared user interface model – offers possibilities for extensions. In fact, for the example extensions used to illustrate the benefits of a shared user interface model, a shared ...
Sharing the Interaction Model: Disaggregated Computing
Advantages of implementing data, application, user interface, and environment model as shared objects to give several users or devices the possibility to access these objects simultaneously have been discussed. In contrast, some interaction model obj...
In a ubiquitous computing environment however, the computer, to which an interaction device is attached, should become irrelevant, leading to what is called "disaggregated computing" (Shafer, 2001). Systems such as PointRight (Johanson et al., 2002) ...
Another benefit of a local interaction model is the ability to adapt the interaction style according to each client's local context, especially its physical environment and interaction capabilities. An extensive example of how local interaction objec...
For the Passage system, though, a local interaction model is sufficient. The visual representation of the virtual part of the bridge has to be rendered locally at the computer, to which the roomware component's display is attached. This is normally t...
2.4Third Dimension: Conceptual Levels of Abstraction
The third dimension of the conceptual model is the level of abstraction. It is a widely used software engineering technique to separate different levels of abstraction in order to reduce the complexity on each level (Dijkstra, 1968; Nigay and Coutaz,...
While the C2-architecture places different functionality at different levels (Taylor et al., 1996), we rather see the level of abstraction being orthogonal to functionality. As different functionality should be separated by different basic models, so...
In practice, the number of levels actually used may vary. In the context of framework development, it has been recommended to define three layers as part of the functional view on the architecture (Succi et al., 1999), the environment layer, the doma...
Still, besides the three commonly acknowledged levels, one additional level, the model level, is needed to represent common abstractions for all basic concerns (fig. 4-2.3) in an application-, domain-, and platform-independent way. Please note that t...

Figure 4-2.3. Four conceptual levels of abstraction: core, model, generic, and task level
The remainder of this section discusses these levels, starting at the bottom with the core layer.
Core Level: Specialized Infrastructure
The core level provides functionality that will make the development of the higher levels more convenient and portable by encapsulating platform-dependent details. Functionality normally provided by the (meta-) operating system, middleware infrastruc...
For roomware applications, additional functionality may be necessary, which is not available from off-the-shelf libraries or toolkits. This can include support for multi-user event handling, or low-level device and sensor management. For instance, th...
Model Level: Abstractions to Ensure Platform-Independent Separation of Concerns
The aim of the model level is to provide application-, domain-, and platform-independent abstractions to be used as the basis for the definition of higher-level abstractions. These abstractions can be implemented on top of the core level. This implie...
Components at the model level typically define abstract classes that allow different implementations for different platforms, e.g., using the Abstract Factory or Bridge pattern as defined in (Gamma et al., 1995). For the platform-independent implemen...
The Passage system uses the abstract definition of sensors and application models provided by the BEACH framework. This way, arbitrary sensors can be used to detect objects and arbitrary application models can be attached to passengers. To implement ...
Generic Level: Reusable Functionality
One important goal of every software system is to provide generic components that are useful in many different situations and for different tasks (req. ). Each application domain has common concepts and algorithms that can be applied by a number of s...
Generic and domain-specific models and concepts should therefore be grouped at a generic level. This way, the designer is forced to think about generic concepts, which will lead to the implementation of reusable elements.
For example, the Passage system uses the generic document elements defined by the BEACH framework to be associated with passenger objects, instead of defining document elements on its own.
Task Level: Tailored Support for Specific Tasks
When generic elements only are defined, this obviously restricts the usability of the application to some limit. For some tasks, it is of help if specific support is given (req. ). Therefore, the conceptual model needs a task level, which groups all ...
The overall Passage system is located at the task level, as it supports the task "transportation of information (including its current editing state) between roomware components". It relies on generic models, only defining the high-level user interfa...
2.5The BEACH Conceptual Application Model
With the three dimensions that have been discussed in detail, the overall conceptual model can be visualized as shown in figure 4-2.4. Looking at the dimension of the level of abstraction and the dimension of the separation of concerns, these two dim...

Figure 4-2.4. Notation for the three design dimensions of the BEACH conceptual model
The BEACH conceptual model can be used as the basis to structure architectures and applications for ubiquitous computing and roomware environments. Figure 4-2.4 suggests a graphical notation that can be used in design diagrams to denote the position ...
In favor of being applicable to a wide range of applications and architectures, the model specifies a coarse-grained structure at a high level of abstraction. Thereby, the conceptual model leaves much freedom for application developers and architects...
To show how the BEACH conceptual model can be applied, the next sections presents the BEACH software framework and a sample application that was built using the framework.
<<again some stuff removed>>
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