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\rsid11226635\rsid12989836\rsid14965794\rsid15011335}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6612;}{\info{\title BEACH Application Model and Software Framework}{\subject JSS special issue on UbiTools}{\author Peter Tandler}{\operator Peter Tandler}
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{\*\bkmkend _Hlt5083606}The BEACH Application Model and Software Framework for Synchronous Collaboration in Ubiquitous Computing Environments
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Peter Tandler
\par }\pard\plain \s50\ql \li0\ri0\sa360\keep\keepn\nowidctlpar\hyphpar0\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f40\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 FhG \endash Fraunhofer Gesellschaft e.V.\line IPSI \endash
Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute\line AMBIENTE \endash Workspaces of }{\insrsid9272531 the Future}{\insrsid14965794 \line }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\insrsid14965794 HYPERLINK "http://ipsi.fraunhofer.de/ambiente/"}{
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\cs51\i\insrsid14965794 http://ipsi.fraunhofer.de/ambiente/}}}{\i\insrsid9272531 }{\i\insrsid12989836
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Abstract{\*\bkmkend _Toc2659586}
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The devices available in ubiquitous computing environments offer new possibilities for interaction. In the context of meetings and teamwork situatio
ns, it is desirable to take advantage of their properties for synchronous collaboration. Besides offering an adapted user interface, this requires that the software infrastructure is designed for }{\i\insrsid12989836 synchronous access}{\insrsid12989...
to shared information objects using }{\i\insrsid12989836 heterogeneous devices}{\insrsid12989836 with }{\i\insrsid12989836 different interaction}{\insrsid12989836
characteristics. As this field is still emerging and no mature standards are at hand, it is necessary to provide guidance for UbiComp developers how to model their applic}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836 tions to ensure both extensibility for f...
ture developments and reusability in new contexts.
\par In this paper, a conceptual model for synchronous applications in ubiquitous computing environments is proposed. To test its applicability, it was used to structure the architecture of the BEACH software f
ramework that is the basis for the software infrastructure of }{\cs60\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 i-LAND}{\insrsid12989836 (the ubiquitous computing env}{\insrsid12989836 i}{\insrsid12989836
ronment at FhG-IPSI). The BEACH framework provides the functionality for synchronous cooperation and interaction with roomware components, i.e. room elements
with integrated information technology. To show how the BEACH model and framework can be applied, the design of a sample application is explained. Also, the BEACH model is positioned against related work. In conclusion, we provide our experiences wi...
e current implementation.
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Synchronous collaboration, heterogeneous devices, software architecture, conceptual model, BEACH application model and framework, }{\cs60\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 i-LAND}{\insrsid12989836 , roo}{\insrsid12989836 m}{\insrsid12989836...
ware components
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \f1\fs28\kerning28\insrsid12989836 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 1\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-432\li432\ri0\sb240\sa240\keep\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx432\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls128\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0 \f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Introduction
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Ubiquitous computing environments offer a wide rang
e of devices coming in many different sizes and shapes ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l UbiCompIssues}}{\fldrslt {Weiser, 1993}}}). Being often occupied by multiple users simultaneously, ubiquitous co}{\insrsid12989836 m}{\insrsid12989836
puting environments must support synchronous work with information that is shared among all present devices. Due
to the heterogeneous nature of ubiquitous computing devices, their software infrastructure must enable user interfaces taking advantage of their different properties. In addition, it must enable tight collaboration of users working with different d}...
\insrsid12989836 e}{\insrsid12989836 vices or sharing the same device.
\par Current operation systems provide no support for handling this heterogeneity. Synchronous collabor}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836
tion can be handled by several computer-supported cooperative work frameworks, groupware systems, or middleware infrastructures,
but these systems have no support for heterogeneous devices. There are research prototypes aimed at managing devices with different interaction capabilities, but these projects mainly deal with interfaces for and discovery of simple services and lack...
ort for tight collabor}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836
tion. There is a need for a software infrastructure designed for handling heterogeneous environments, providing adequate interaction styles and user interface concepts, as well as offering capabilities for synchronous collaboration. A
s this kind of infrastructure is built on top of current operating systems, which handle the interaction with the specific hardware, it can be referred to as \'93meta-operating sy}{\insrsid12989836 s}{\insrsid12989836 tem\'94 ({\field{\*\fldinst { HY...
\par Over the last five years, we have been working at IPSI, the Fraunhofer Integrated Publication and I}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12989836 formation Systems Institute in Darmstadt (Germany), in the context of the }{
\cs60\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 i-LAND}{\insrsid12989836 project on support for synchronous collaboration with roomware components ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l RoomwareMatters}}{\fldrslt {Streitz {\i et al.}, 1997}}}; {\fiel...
Roomware\'94 is a term we coined to refer to room elements with integrated information technology such as interactive tables, walls, or chairs.
\par The work presented here was originally triggered by the need to create a software infrastructure for this roomware environment. This led to the development of a software prototype called \'93BEACH\'94, the }{\ul\insrsid12989836 B}{\insrsid129898...
\insrsid12989836 sic }{\ul\insrsid12989836 E}{\insrsid12989836 nvironment for }{\ul\insrsid12989836 A}{\insrsid12989836 ctive }{\ul\insrsid12989836 C}{\insrsid12989836 ollaboration with }{\ul\insrsid12989836 H}{\insrsid12989836
ypermedia. BEACH provides the software infrastru}{\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989836 ture for environments supporting
synchronous collaboration with many different devices. It offers a user interface that also fits to the needs of devices that have no mouse or keyboard, and which require new forms of human-computer and team-computer interaction. To allow synchronous...
aboration BEACH builds on shared documents accessible via multiple interaction devices concu}{\insrsid12989836 r}{\insrsid12989836 rently.
\par During the development, BEACH was restructured and refactored ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l RefactorySmalltalk}}{\fldrslt {Roberts {\i et al.}, 1997}}}; {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l JacobsenSoftwareModelling}}{\fldrslt {Jacobsen, 200...
was needed to guide developers of ubiquitous computing applications. This led us to the work presented here. Parts of BEACH emerged into a software framework with an architecture that is structured according to the conceptual model for syn
chronous ubiquitous computing applications proposed in this paper. The model aims at offering both flexibility and extensibility for different devices that are part of ubiquitous computing environments.
\par {\*\bkmkstart sContributingAreas}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc19764383}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \f1\fs22\insrsid12989836 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 1.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-578\li578\ri0\sb120\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx576\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls128\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin578\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Involved Research Areas{\*\bkmkend sContributingAreas}
{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764383}
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Due to the nature of collabor
ative ubiquitous computing environments, the results of several related research areas have to be combined to gain an integrated application model that covers all aspects of interaction and collaboration (fig. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836
REF fContributingAreas \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000013000000660043006f006e0074007200690062007500740069006e006700410072006500610073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989...
}{\insrsid12989836 \_}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 1}}}{\insrsid12989836 ):}{\cs31\super\insrsid12989836 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s32\qj \fi-144\li144\ri0\sa80\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin144\itap0
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs31\super\insrsid12989836 \chftn }{\insrsid12989836 Of course, this is a simplified view on the research areas, focussing on their contributions relevant within the context of this paper.}}}...
\insrsid12989836
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niques.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s22 \f3\fs20\insrsid12989836 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s22\qj \fi-227\li227\ri0\widctlpar\tx227\tx454{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent227\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin227\itap0 {\insrsid12989836 Ubiquitous computing (UbiComp) explores dynamic environments with heterogeneous devices.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s22 \f3\fs20\insrsid12989836 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s22\qj \fi-227\li227\ri0\widctlpar\tx227\tx454{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent227\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin227\itap0 {\insrsid12989836 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) offers techniques to handle synchronous intera}{\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989836 tion with distributed computers.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s61 \f3\fs20\insrsid12989836 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \s61\qj \fi-227\li227\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\tx227\tx454{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent227\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin227\itap0 \f40\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Software development techniques are needed to ensure extensibility and reusability.
\par }\pard\plain \s29\qc \li0\ri0\sb220\sa220\keepn\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f40\fs20\lang1031\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1031\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 {\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1025{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
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\insrsid12989836
\par }\pard\plain \s23\qj \li278\ri374\sa200\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin374\lin278\itap0 \f4\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Figure {\*\bkmkstart fContributingAreas}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid...
STYLEREF 1 \\s }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 1}}}{\insrsid12989836 \_}{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 SEQ Figure \\* ARABIC \\s 1 }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 1}}}{\insrsid12989836
{\*\bkmkend fContributingAreas}.}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 Conttibuting research areas for the design of collaborative ubiquitous computing applications.}{\insrsid12989836
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836
A successful model for collaborative ubiquitous computing applications must combine the results of all involved research areas.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \f1\fs22\insrsid12989836 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 1.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-578\li578\ri0\sb120\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx576\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls128\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin578\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Outline of the Paper
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 In the following section, requirements for the software infrastructure of a ubi...
computing env}{\insrsid12989836 i}{\insrsid12989836
ronment to support synchronous collaboration are discussed. A sample application, the Passage system, is introduced, which is used in the following to illustrate the application of the BEACH model and framework. Based on the identified requi
rements, the proposed conceptual application model has been designed, which is presented next. The succeeding section presents the architecture of the BEACH software framework, which has been developed according to the structure suggested by the conc...
l model. The software design of the Passage system is explained as a sample application of the BEACH model and framework. To position the BEACH model against other approaches, the next section co}{\insrsid12989836 m}{\insrsid12989836
pares the proposed model with related work. The paper closes with a discussion of the conceptual model and ideas for f}{\insrsid12989836 u}{\insrsid12989836 ture work.
\par }{\insrsid7697605 {\b {\i <<…. Bla bla bla … some stuff removed …>>}}
\par {\*\bkmkstart cConceptualModel}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc2659654}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc2659760}{\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \f1\fs28\kerning28\insrsid12989836 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-432\li432\ri0\sb240\sa240\keep\keepn\widctlpa...
\jclisttab\tx432\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls128\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0 \f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 A Conceptual Model for Ubiquitous Computing Applications
{\*\bkmkend cConceptualModel}{\*\bkmkend _Toc2659654}{\*\bkmkend _Toc2659760}
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 A conceptual model defines the very high-level structure of an application ({\f...
the definition by {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l NowackStructuresInteractions}}{\fldrslt {Nowack (1999)}}} a \'93co}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12989836
ceptual model describes a conceptual understanding of something, and it is based on concept formation in terms of classification, generalization and aggregation. Hence, conceptual modeling implies abstra}{\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989836 tion\'94...
. Abstraction is a key technique to overcome software complexity by allowing the developer to focus on one specific aspect at a time. By using this structure for applications, basic components are identified that have a clear separat
ion of concerns, thus supporting their independence and increasing their flexibility and adap}{\insrsid12989836 t}{\insrsid12989836 ability ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l BuildAppFWsViewpoints}}{\fldrslt {Alencar {\i et al.}, 1999}}}).
\par In this section, a conceptual model for ubiquitous computing applications is presented. Organized by three major design dimensions, which are identified first, its properties are discussed.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc19764435}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \f1\fs22\insrsid12989836 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-578\li578\ri0\sb120\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx576\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls128\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin578\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Design Dimensions{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764435}
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836
In order to identify the design dimensions for a conceptual model, results of all contributing research areas (identified in section }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF sContributingAreas \\r \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
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ve to be considered. Looking at these four areas, contributions for a conceptual model can be identified (fig. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF fContribution}{\insrsid12989836 s}{\insrsid12989836 ForRWApp \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafiel...
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\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 1}}}{\insrsid12989836 ):
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s22 \f3\fs20\insrsid12989836 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \s22\qj \fi-227\li227\ri0\widctlpar\tx227\tx454{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent227\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin227\itap0 \f40\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is concerned with }{\i\insrsid12989836 user interface & interaction}{\insrsid1298...
.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s22 \f3\fs20\insrsid12989836 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s22\qj \fi-227\li227\ri0\widctlpar\tx227\tx454{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent227\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin227\itap0 {\insrsid12989836 CSCW has identified different degrees of }{\i\insrsid12989836 coupling}{\insrsid12989836 and different mechanisms for }{\i\insrsid12989836 sharing}{\insrsid12989836 .
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s22 \f3\fs20\insrsid12989836 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s22\qj \fi-227\li227\ri0\widctlpar\tx227\tx454{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent227\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin227\itap0 {\insrsid12989836 Ubiquitous computing (UbiComp) has to deal with }{\i\insrsid12989836 device}{\insrsid12989836 heterogeneity and their relation to the }{\i\insrsid12989836 enviro}{
\i\insrsid12989836 n}{\i\insrsid12989836 ment}{\insrsid12989836 in which they are used.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s61 \f3\fs20\insrsid12989836 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \s61\qj \fi-227\li227\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\tx227\tx454{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent227\pnhang {\pntxtb \'b7}}
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin227\itap0 \f40\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 And, finally, }{\i\insrsid12989836 separating specific concerns}{\insrsid12989836 and defining }{\i\insrsid129898...
levels of abstraction}{\insrsid12989836 are very important software modeling tec}{\insrsid12989836 h}{\insrsid12989836 niques.
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t/expected-sample-pbib.doc view on Meta::CPAN
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc2659660}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc19764440}Environment Model{\*\bkmkend sPhysicalModelConcept}{\*\bkmkend _Toc2659660}{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764440}: Context Awareness
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 One major property of ubiquitous c
omputing environments is the heterogeneity of the available d}{\insrsid12989836 e}{\insrsid12989836 vices. In order to provide a coherent user experience ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l DisappearingUICoherenceScope}}{\fldrslt {Prante, 2001}}}), t...
system must have a deeper understanding of the physical space\'94 ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l EasyLivingTechnologies}}{\fldrslt {Brummit {\i et al.}, 2000}}}). This raises the need for an adequate model of the application\rquote s physical en...
\par Therefore, the environment model is the representation of }{\i\insrsid12989836 relevant}{\insrsid12989836 parts of the \'93real\'94 world. On one hand, this includes a description of which devices are used, how they are configured, and which ca...
\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836 bilities they have. This is the direct }{\i\insrsid12989836 hardware environment}{\insrsid12989836 , which can be employed by the user-interface model to adapt to different devices (req. }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\insrsid12989836 REF qDifferentFormsOfInteraction \\h \\* MERG}{\insrsid12989836 E}{\insrsid12989836 FORMAT }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
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). This part corresponds to the platform model defined by the Plasticity framework ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l PlasticityFrameworkAgenda}}{\fldrslt {Thevenin and Coutaz, 1999}}}), or Aura\rquote s notion of enviro}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsi...
\par In addition, other aspects can be included if they can influence the behavior of the software. Necessa}{\insrsid12989836 r}{\insrsid12989836 ily, it has
to be possible to measure their relevant properties with sensors. Depending on detected changes in the }{\i\insrsid12989836 physical environment}{\insrsid12989836 , further actions can be triggered to reflect the current situation (req. }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF qDynamicConfiguration \\h \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
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\par The Passage system is an example of how to react upon changes in the physical environment. As me}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12989836
tioned, the virtual part of the bridge is shown as soon as a physical object is detected on the physical part of the bridge. Thus, Passage needs to keep a repres
entation of the detected physical objects and the location (esp. bridge) where they have been sensed (fig. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF fPassageClasses \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
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\insrsid12989836 ). This is part of the environment model. Additio}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12989836 ally, the sensors used for detecting physical objects belong to the environment model as well.
\par Besides the physical environment, other contextual information \endash such as the current task, project, or presence of co-workers \endash could influence the behavior of the software, so long as this information is available to the applica
tion. This part refers to the }{\i\insrsid12989836 logical context}{\insrsid12989836 of the application.
\par Software with functionality depending on physical objects and their properties, or other aspects of the user\rquote s environment (req. {\*\bkmkstart _Hlt536717755}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF qContextAwareness \\h \\* MERGEFORMAT...
\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000012000000710043006f006e007400650078007400410077006100720065006e006500730073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 U\_3}}}{\insrsid12989836 {\*\bkmkend _Hlt536717755}) is ca...
}{\i\insrsid12989836 context-aware }{\insrsid12989836
({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l ContextToolkitAppDevelopment}}{\fldrslt {Salber {\i et al.}, 1999}}}). There is a strong need for context-aware applications in ubiquitous computing environments, as the large number of available devices, services,...
\insrsid12989836 r}{\insrsid12989836 action becomes too high. An environment designed to support the users needs, needs to aim at }{\i\insrsid12989836 implicit}{\insrsid12989836
interaction ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l SchmidtImplicitHCI}}{\fldrslt {Schmidt, 2000}}}). This can be accomplished by using changes in the real world\rquote s state to trigger software functionality.}{\cs31\super\insrsid12989836 \chftn {\foo...
\s32\qj \fi-144\li144\ri0\sa80\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin144\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs31\super\insrsid12989836 \chftn }{\insrsid12989836 However
, using detected context to trigger functionality always has the danger of relying on misinte}{\insrsid12989836 r}{\insrsid12989836 preted information, which can be very annoying for users.}}}{\insrsid12989836 T
herefore, the environment model must be capable of expres}{\insrsid12989836 s}{\insrsid12989836 ing relevant information, such as spatial relationships between physical objects.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 {\*\bkmkstart sInteractionModelConcept}
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc2659661}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc19764441}Interaction Model{\*\bkmkend sInteractionModelConcept}{\*\bkmkend _Toc2659661}{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764441}: Presentation and Interaction
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 To be able to support different styles of interaction (req. }{\field{\*\fldinst...
\insrsid12989836 REF qDifferentFormsOfInteraction \\h \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000001d000000710044006900660066006500720065006e00740046006f0072006d0073004f00660049006e0074006500720061006300740069006f006e000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 H\_1}}}{\insrsid12989836 , }{\field{\*\fldins...
\insrsid12989836 REF qPhysInteraction \\h \\* MERGEFORMAT }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000008000000110000007100500068007900730049006e0074006500720061006300740069006f006e000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 ...
}}}{\insrsid12989836 ), the interaction model specifies how different interaction styles can be defined. The term used here describes a part of the software a}{\insrsid12989836 r}{\insrsid12989836 chitecture, and should not be confused with the \'93
interaction model\'94 describing the \'93look and feel\'94 of a user interface at a conceptual level as defined by {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l BeaudouinLafonPostWIMPModel}}{\fldrslt {Beaudouin-Lafon (2000)}}}. I}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12...
interaction model\'94 described by {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l SuiteCouplingUIs}}{\fldrslt {Dewan and Choudhary (1995)}}}.
\par As shown in figure }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF fBasicModels \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000006600420061007300690063004d006f00640065006c0073000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 4}{\insrsid12989836 \_}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12989836 2}}}{\insrsid12989836
, the interaction model defines a way to interact with all other basic models. This is necessary, as all models can define aspects and functions that can be represented for and a}{\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989836
cessed by the user. For example, a data object like a \'93text\'94 object often has a directly attached view and controller, enabling direct interaction with the text; then, interaction and data model communicate d}{\insrsid12989836 i}{\insrsid129898...
rectly, bypassing user interface and application models. Alternatively, a \'93visual interaction area\'94 being part of the user interface model, provides functionality that has an immediate visual representation re}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12989...
dered by the interaction model. In other cases, the interaction model will not access the data model d}{\insrsid12989836 i}{\insrsid12989836
rectly. Instead, it is associated with an appropriate application model as a mediator to the data model. This way, the interaction style can be adapted depending on which application model is used to access a data model.
\par As an appropriate
interaction style depends on the available interaction devices and the associated user interface, a suitable interaction model can be chosen depending on the environment and user-interface model. For visual-based interaction, an adapted version of th...
el-view-controller concept ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l MVCCookbook}}{\fldrslt {Krasner and Pope, 1988}}}; {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l COASTooSyncGroupware}}{\fldrslt {Schuckmann {\i et al.}, 1996}}}) has proven su}{\insrsid12989836 c}{...
of the model-view-controller concept is not further structured. It can refer to each of data, application, user interface, or environment model.
\par Passage defines an interactive visual representation (for the virtual part of the bridge) and physical a}{\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989836
tions as input (placing objects on the physical part of the bridge). Consequently, its interaction model uses both a visual interaction model (see section }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF sModelLayer \\r \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield...
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000c00000073004d006f00640065006c004c0061007900650072000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 5.2}}}{\insrsid12989836 ) and a sensor model providing the basis for detec}{\insrsid12989836 t}{\insrsid12989836 ...
ing physical o}{\insrsid12989836 b}{\insrsid12989836 jects (see section }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF sSensorModel \\r \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000d0000007300530065006e0073006f0072004d006f00640065006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 6.1}}}{\insrsid12989836 ).
\par {\*\bkmkstart sConceptualSharing}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc19764442}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \f1\fs22\insrsid12989836 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.3\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-578\li578\ri0\sb120\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx576\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls128\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin578\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Second Dimension: Coupling and Sharing{\*\bkmkend sConceptualSharing...
{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764442}
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Whenever multiple devices are involved in a software system, th
e question arises, which parts of the system should be local to a device or shared between several. This has to be clarified for both the a}{\insrsid12989836 p}{\insrsid12989836 plication code and its state. While }{\i\insrsid12989836 distributing co...
\insrsid12989836 among devices is a technical question unique to every application, }{\i\insrsid12989836 sharing state}{\insrsid12989836 has conceptual implications, which this section addresses.
\par Today, many applications still run entirely local to a single computer, or access only data that is di}{\insrsid12989836 s}{\insrsid12989836 tributed over a network. Aiming at synchronous collaboration, crucial aspects of traditional CSCW system...
\i\insrsid12989836 access to shared data}{\insrsid12989836 and }{\i\insrsid12989836 coupling the applications }{\insrsid12989836
of collaborating users ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l SuiteCouplingUIs}}{\fldrslt {Dewan and Choudhary, 1995}}}). Therefore, coupling has to be applied to both the data and the application model ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l COASTModel}}{\...
\par In the context of ubiquitous computing environments, this view has to be extended. In addition to data and application, also information about the physical environment, e.g., the presence of nearby users or other avai}{\insrsid12989836 l}{
\insrsid12989836 able interaction devices, has to be exchanged by different devices and applications.
\par As discussed above, in a ubiquitous computing environment elements of the user interface can be di}{\insrsid12989836 s}{\insrsid12989836 tributed among several machines (req. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF qCompositeRoomwareComponent...
\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000001d000000710043006f006d0070006f00730069007400650052006f006f006d00770061007200650043006f006d0070006f006e0065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 U\_2}}}{
\insrsid12989836 ) or among different devices (req. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF qMultipleDeviceInteraction \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000001b00000071004d0075006c007400690070006c00650044006500760069006300650049006e0074006500720061006300740069006f006e000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 UH\_2}}}{\insrsid12989836 ). Based on the sep}{
\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836 ration of concerns that has been previously identified, Dewan\rquote s definition of coupling ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l DewanFlexibleUICoupling}}{\fldrslt {Dewan and Choudhard, 1991}}}) can be refined. C...
sharing the same interaction, user interface, or editing (application) state}{\insrsid12989836
among several users or devices. Coupling can thus simply be implemented as accessing the same user interface or application model. This is an important benefit of using shared user interface and application models.
\par Depending on how much state is shared, the }{\i\insrsid12989836 degree of coupling}{\insrsid12989836
can be controlled. If all involved user interface and editing state is shared, a tightly coupled collaboration mode is realized; if only the same data model is shared, users work loosely coupled (req. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF
qFlexibleCoupling \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000012000000710046006c0065007800690062006c00650043006f00750070006c0069006e0067000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 C\_2}}}{\insrsid12989836
). This is related to the coupling model d}{\insrsid12989836 e}{\insrsid12989836 scribed in ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l SuiteCouplingUIs}}{\fldrslt {Dewan and Choudhary, 1995}}}).
\par Even, if some models are not coupled, one can profit from sharing environment, user interface, and application models. As the information encapsulated in the models is accessible to all clients, it is po}{\insrsid12989836 s}{\insrsid12989836
sible to provide }{\i\insrsid12989836 awareness information}{\insrsid12989836 in the user interface. Typical for CSCW applications is the pr}{\insrsid12989836 o}{\insrsid12989836
vision of workspace or activity awareness ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l GroupKitAwarenessWidgets}}{\fldrslt {Gutwin {\i et al.}, 1996}}}; {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l InterlocusActivityAwareness}}{\fldrslt {Nomura {\i et al.}, 1998}}}). T...
mation provides a means of giving add}{\insrsid12989836 i}{\insrsid12989836 tional awareness hints to remote users.
\par Beyond the provision of awareness in CSCW systems, sharing the environment model allows a new kind of awareness for ubiquitous computing environments. The information embodied in the enviro}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12989836
ment model can be used to give environmental awareness.
\par This section discusses the aspects of sharing the basic models. Before starting a detailed discussion, it has to be noted that \'93sharing\'94 can be implemented in many different ways. In the case of collaborating devices with quite varying pro...
\endash especially in terms of memory, performance, or network co}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12989836 nection \endash a shared object does not necessarily have to have the same implementation for different pla}{\insrsid12989836 t}{\insrsid1298983...
forms (see e.g. Manifold ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l ManifoldArchitecture}}{\fldrslt {Marsic, 2001}}}) or Pocket Dream Team ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l QuickStepChallenges}}{\fldrslt {Roth, 2002}}})). For example, a shared \'93image\'...
top PC than on a PDA. At the conceptual level, however, both implementations refer to the same shared object.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc2659663}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc197...
Sharing the Data Model{\*\bkmkend _Toc2659663}{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764443}: Collaborative Data Access
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 In order to access and work collaboratively with shared data (req. }{\field{\*\...
\insrsid12989836 REF qCollaboration \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000f000000710043006f006c006c00610062006f0072006100740069006f006e000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 C\_1}}}{\insrsid12989836
), it is widely agreed that a shared model for documents reduces the complexity in dealing w
ith distributed applications. While there are well-established models defining a shared data model providing read-only access only (e.g. the world-wide-web), it is much more complicated to allow simultaneous modific}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989...
tions at a fine granularity.
\par Most popular toolkits and frameworks for computer-supported cooperative work provide some mech}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836
nism to manage a shared-object space. In toolkits with a centralized architecture ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l RendezvousDemands}}{\fldrslt {Patterson, 1991}}}), the document is necessarily shared. Replicated (or semi-replicated
({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l GroupwareArchitectures}}{\fldrslt {Phillips, 1999}}})) systems create a shared-object space by synchronizing the replicated objects ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l ClockArchitecture}}{\fldrslt {Urnes and Graha...
ared \'93environments\'94 have been introduced as shared data structures that can trigger cal}{\insrsid12989836 l}{\insrsid12989836 backs upon changes.
\par Application designers thus have to decide to which degree or for which parts of their application shared access to data is desirable or necessary. For the Passage system, a shared data model enables a straigh}{\insrsid12989836 t}{\insrsid1298983...
forward access to data objects from different computers, which is necessary when a passenger is tran}{\insrsid12989836 s}{\insrsid12989836 ferred to another roomware component.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc2659664}
{\*\bkmkstart sApplicationModelSharing}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc19764444}Sharing the Application Model{\*\bkmkend _Toc2659664}{\*\bkmkend sApplicationModelSharing}{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764444}: Workspace Awareness & Degree of Coupling
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836
To have an easy way of getting information about the editing state of other users, it has been proposed not only to share the data model, but also to share the application model ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l COASTModel}}{\fldrslt {Schuckmann {\...
provide awareness about editing activities. Taking again the exa}{\insrsid12989836 m}{\insrsid12989836 ple of a text-edit application model, sharing it opens the opportunity to visualize, e.g., text cursors or sele}{\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989...
tions of remote users.
\par By changing the state of the application model, the degree of coupling or other possible work modes can be controlled (req. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF qFlexibleCoupling \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000012000000710046006c0065007800690062006c00650043006f00750070006c0069006e0067000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 C\_2}}}{\insrsid12989836
). Users working with the same application model can work tightly coupled with rich awareness information ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l COASTModel}}{\fldrslt {Schuckmann {\i et al.}, 1999}}}). Tightly coupled work could for
instance include a coupled scroll position, coupled selection, or coupled navigation. If separate instances of the applic}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836
tion model or different application models are used, users can still work loosely coupled when they modify the same data.
\par Again, the a
pplication designer has to decide whether or not a tightly coupled work mode should be supported or how much awareness information is advantageous. As already mentioned, the Passage system allows transporting both data and current editing state. This...
nabled by a shared application model.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc2659665}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc197...
{\*\bkmkstart _Toc2659666}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc19764446}Sharing the User Interface Model{\*\bkmkend _Toc2659666}{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764446}: Distributed & Coupled User Interfaces
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 If one user interacts with different devices at the same time (req.
{\*\bkmkstart _Hlt536859081}}{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF qMultipleDeviceInteraction \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000001b00000071004d0075006c007400690070006c00650044006500760069006300650049006e0074006500720061006300740069006f006e000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 UH\_2}}}{\insrsid12989836 {\*\bkmkend _Hlt536859081}
), it is desirable that their user interfaces are coordinated. This is only possible, if the information about the currently used user inte}{\insrsid12989836 r}{\insrsid12989836
face elements is accessible to all involved devices. An example of how user interfaces can be coupled is the \'93join\'94 oper}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836 tion of \'93join and capture\'94 ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l XWebJoinCapture}...
\par In addition, some devices actually have several embedded computers (req. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF qCompositeRoomwar}{\insrsid12989836 e}{\insrsid12989836 Components \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000001d000000710043006f006d0070006f00730069007400650052006f006f006d00770061007200650043006f006d0070006f006e0065006e00740073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 U\_2}}}{\insrsid12989836 ). When a visual int...
\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989836 tion area crosses the borders between displays that are physically placed next to each other, but co}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12989836
nected to different machines, it is necessary that the user interface elements be freely movable between the different displays ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l BEACHConnecTables}}{\fldrslt {Tandler {\i et al.}, 2001}}}). In this case, user inter...
tween the involved machines.
\par However, for the Passage system, a shared user interface model is not necessary. It is sufficient that the virtual part of the bridge runs as an application local to each computer equipped with a bridge. Neve}{\insrsid12989836 r}{\insrsid1298983...
theless, if the user interface is shared, it is possible to control the bridge remotely, opening opportun}{\insrsid12989836 i}{\insrsid12989836
ties for extensions. Then, sensors attached to different computers can be used to detect objects on the bridge. If, for instance, video recognition is used to identify passenger objects, it is quite likely that t
he video camera is attached to a different computer. This computer can provide the performance for pro}{\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989836 essing the video signal \endash
without affecting with the performance of the roomware component. Another extension we implemented uses Palm Pilot PDAs to \'93beam\'94 data to the bridge of a roomware comp}{\insrsid12989836 o}{\insrsid12989836
nent ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l BEACHCreativityTools}}{\fldrslt {Prante {\i et al.}, 2002}}}). Here, again, the shared user interface can be controlled remotely by the Palm.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Sharing the Environment Model{\*\bkmkend _Toc26...
{\*\bkmkend _Toc19764445}: Environmental Awareness
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 When several people and devices physically share
a common environment, it is obvious that applic}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836 tions that are used in such situations can benefit from a shared model of how their environment looks.
\par In ubiquitous computing environments, many different devices have attached sensors that allow dete}{\insrsid12989836 c}{\insrsid12989836 tion o
f some aspects of the physical environment. By combining all available information and making it accessible to other applications, it is possible for each application to draw on a lot of context inform}{\insrsid12989836 a}{\insrsid12989836
tion that can be used to adapt its behavior (req. }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid12989836 REF qContextAwareness \\h }{\insrsid12989836 {\*\datafield
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b020000000800000012000000710043006f006e007400650078007400410077006100720065006e006500730073000000}}}{\fldrslt {\insrsid12989836 U\_3}}}{\insrsid12989836
). Similar to the workspace awareness (which is enabled by a shared application model), a shared environment model can serve as the basis for env}{\insrsid12989836 i}{\insrsid12989836
ronmental or context awareness. This is especially important in figuring out which users and interaction devices are currently present and available.
\par For a system such as Passage, a shared environment model \endash similar to a shared user interface model \endash offers possibilities for extensions. In fact, for the example extensions used to illu
strate the benefits of a shared user interface model, a shared environment model could be used instead. In this case, the env}{\insrsid12989836 i}{\insrsid12989836
ronment model is modified remotely, instead of the user interface model. Then, sensors distributed in the environment update the shared representation of the existing passenger objects and their detected locations.
\par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836 Sharing the Interaction Model: Disaggregated Co...
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12989836
Advantages of implementing data, application, user interface, and environment model as shared objects to give several users or devices the possibility to access these objects simultaneously have been di}{\insrsid12989836 s}{\insrsid12989836
cussed. In contrast, some interaction model objects always have to be local to each machine. This is necessary, as interaction model objects communicate with the interaction devices that are attached to the local computer.
\par In a ubiquitous computing environment however, the computer, to which an interaction device is a}{\insrsid12989836 t}{\insrsid12989836 tached, should become irrelevant, leading to what is called \'93disaggregated computing\'94 ({\field{\*\fldins...
ers. These are examples, how an interaction model can be partially shared. It is partially shared, as the device drivers still remain local to a machine.
\par Another benefit of a local interaction model is the ability to adapt the interaction style according to each client\rquote s local context, especially its physical environment and interaction capabilities. An exte}{\insrsid12989836 n}{\insrsid12...
sive example of how local interaction objects can be used to adapt to their local context is given in ({\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK \\l BEACHConnecTables}}{\fldrslt {Tandler {\i et al.}, 2001}}}).
\par For the Passage system, though, a local interaction model is sufficient. The visual representation of the virtual part of the bridge has to be rendered locally at the computer, to which the roomware comp}{\insrsid12989836 o}{\insrsid12989836 nen...
s display is attached. This is normally the same computer receiving also the mouse or pen events for that display. Accordingly, the observer proc
ess, watching for detected physical objects, should normally run on the same machine where the bridge is located. As it modifies the state of the user inte}{\insrsid12989836 r}{\insrsid12989836
t/expected-sample-pbib.doc view on Meta::CPAN
{{\*\bkmkstart PACAMODEUS}{Nigay, L. and Coutaz, J., 1991. Building User Interfaces: Organizing Software Agents. In: Esprit'91 Conference Proceedings, ACM Press, New York, NY, pp.\~707\endash 719. {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK http://citeseer.nj.nec...
{\*\bkmkend PACAMODEUS}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart InterlocusActivityAwareness}{Nomura, T., Hayashi, K., Hazama, T., and Gudmundson, S., 1998. Interlocus: Workspace Configuration Mechanisms for Activity Awareness. ACM Press, New York, NY, pp.\~19\endash 28.}
{\*\bkmkend InterlocusActivityAwareness}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart NowackStructuresInteractions}{Nowack, P., 1999. Structures and Interactions\endash Characterizing Object-Oriented Software Architecture, Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Software Engineering and Technology, University of Southern Denmark. {\fi...
{\*\bkmkend NowackStructuresInteractions}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart XWebJoinCapture}{Olsen, Jr., D. R., Nielsen, S. T., and Parslow, D., 2001. Join and Capture: A Model for Nomadic Interaction. In: Proceedings of 14th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface and Software Technology (UIST'01), vol.\~3, no...
{\*\bkmkend XWebJoinCapture}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart ParnasDecomposingSystems}{Parnas, D. L., 1972. On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules, Communications of the ACM 15\~(12), 1053\endash 1058. {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/361598.36162...
{\*\bkmkend ParnasDecomposingSystems}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart RendezvousDemands}{Patterson, J. F., 1991. Comparing the Programming Demands of Single-User and Multi-User Applications. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST'91), ACM Press, New York...
{\*\bkmkend RendezvousDemands}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart GroupwareArchitectures}{Phillips, W. G., 1999. Architectures for Synchronous Groupware, Tech. Rep., Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6. {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK http://phillips.rmc.ca/greg/pub/}}{\fldrslt {http://phill...
{\*\bkmkend GroupwareArchitectures}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart PierLocationIndepInterfaces}{Pier, K. and Landay, J. A., 1992. Issues for Location-independent Interfaces, Tech. Rep., Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA, USA. {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~landay/research/publicati...
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{{\*\bkmkstart DisappearingUICoherenceScope}{Prante, T., 2001. Designing for Usable Disappearance\endash Mediating Coherence, Scope, and Orientation. In: Workshop Proceedings "Distributed and Disappearing User Interfaces in Ubiquitous Computing", ACM...
{\*\bkmkend DisappearingUICoherenceScope}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart BEACHCreativityTools}{Prante, T., Magerkurth, C., and Streitz, N. A., 2002. Developing CSCW Tools for Idea Finding\endash Empirical Results and Implications for Design. In: Proceedings of the 2002 ACM Conference on Computer Supported C...
{\*\bkmkend BEACHCreativityTools}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart RefactorySmalltalk}{Roberts, D., Brant, J., and Johnson, R., 1997. A Refactoring Tool for Smalltalk. In: Pattern Languages of Program Design, vol.\~3 of {\i Software Patterns}, Addison Wesley, ch.\~25. {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK ht...
{\*\bkmkend RefactorySmalltalk}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart GaiaGaiaOS}{Román, M., Hess, C. K., and et al., 2001. GaiaOS: An Infrastructurre for Active Spaces, Tech. Rep., Universiy of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Computer Science, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801-...
{\*\bkmkend GaiaGaiaOS}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart GroupKitCSCW92}{Roseman, M. and Greenberg, S., 1992. GROUPKIT: a groupware toolkit for building real-time conferencing applications. In: Proceedings of the conference on Computer-supported cooperative work, ACM Press, pp.\~43\endash 50...
{\*\bkmkend GroupKitCSCW92}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart GroupKitRealTime}{Roseman, M. and Greenberg, S., 1996. Building Real Time Groupware with GroupKit, A Groupware Toolkit, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 3\~(1), 66\endash 106.}
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{{\*\bkmkstart QuickStepChallenges}{Roth, J., 2002. Seven Challenges for Developers of Mobile Groupware. In: Workshop "Mobile Ad Hoc Collaboration", CHI 2002, Minneapolis.}
{\*\bkmkend QuickStepChallenges}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart ContextToolkitAppDevelopment}{Salber, D., Dey, A. K., and Abowd, G. D., 1999. The Context Toolkit: Aiding the Development of Context-Enabled Applications. In: Proceeding of the CHI 99 conference on Human factors in computing systems (C...
{\*\bkmkend ContextToolkitAppDevelopment}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart SchmidtImplicitHCI}{Schmidt, A., 2000. Implicit Human Computer Interaction Through Context, Personal Technologies 4\~(2+3), 191\endash 199. {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK http://www.teco.edu/}}{\fldrslt {http://www.teco.edu/}}}.}
{\*\bkmkend SchmidtImplicitHCI}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart COASTooSyncGroupware}{Schuckmann, C., Kirchner, L., Schümmer, J., and Haake, J. M., 1996. Designing Object-oriented Synchronous Groupware with COAST. In: Proceedings of the ACM 1996 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CS...
{\*\bkmkend COASTooSyncGroupware}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart COASTModel}{Schuckmann, C., Schümmer, J., and Seitz, P., 1999. Modeling Collaboration using Shared Objects. In: Proceedings of International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP'99), ACM Press, New York, NY, pp.\~189...
{\*\bkmkend COASTModel}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart EasyLivingUbiComp}{Shafer, S. A. N., 2001. Ubiquitous Computing and the EasyLiving Project. In: 40th Anniversary Symposium, Osaka Electro-Communications University. {\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK http://www.research.microsoft.com/easyl...
{\*\bkmkend EasyLivingUbiComp}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart AuraFramework}{Sousa, J. and Garlan, D., 2002. Aura: An Architectural Framework for User Mobility in Ubiquitous Computing Environments. In: Software Architecture: System Design, Development, and Maintenance (Proceedings of the 3rd Work...
{\*\bkmkend AuraFramework}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart ColabWYSIWISRev}{Stefik, M., Bobrow, D. G., Foster, G., Lanning, S., and Tatar, D., 1987. WYSIWIS Revised: Early Experiences with Multi-User Interfaces, ACM Transactions on Information Systems 2\~(5), 147\endash 167.}
{\*\bkmkend ColabWYSIWISRev}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart RoomwareiLAND}{Streitz, N. A., Geißler, J., Holmer, T., Konomi, S., Müller-Tomfelde, C., Reischl, W., Rexroth, P., Seitz, P., and Steinmetz, R., 1999. i-LAND: An interactive Landscape for Creativity and Innovation. In: Proceeding of th...
{\*\bkmkend RoomwareiLAND}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart RoomwareSecondGeneration}{Streitz, N. A., Prante, T., Müller-Tomfelde, C., Tandler, P., and Magerkurth, C., 2002. Roomware: The Second Generation. In: Video Proceedings and Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in C...
{\*\bkmkend RoomwareSecondGeneration}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart RoomwareMatters}{Streitz, N. A., Rexroth, P., and Holmer, T., 1997. Does 'roomware' matter? Investigating the role of personal and public information devices and their combination in meeting room collaboration. In: Proceedings of the E...
{\*\bkmkend RoomwareMatters}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart RoomwareNextGeneration}{Streitz, N. A., Tandler, P., Müller-Tomfelde, C., and Konomi, S., 2001. Roomware: Towards the next generation of human-computer interaction based on an integrated design of real and virtual worlds. In: Carroll, ...
{\*\bkmkend RoomwareNextGeneration}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart BuildAppFWsFWsDomainModels}{Succi, G., Predonzani, P., Valerio, A., and Vernazza, T., 1999. Frameworks and Domain Models: Two Sides of the Same Coin. vol.\~1, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, pp.\~211\endash 214.}
{\*\bkmkend BuildAppFWsFWsDomainModels}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart HUMANOIDModel}{Szekely, P., Luo, P., and Neches, R., 1992. Facilitating the Exploration of Interface Design Alternatives: The HUMANOID Model of Interface Design. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Syste...
{\*\bkmkend HUMANOIDModel}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart BEACHSyncCollaboration}{Tandler, P., 2001. Software Infrastructure for Ubiquitous Computing Environments: Supporting Synchronous Collaboration with Heterogeneous Devices. In: Abowd, G. D., Brummitt, B., and Shafer, S. (eds.), Proceedin...
{\*\bkmkend BEACHSyncCollaboration}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart BEACHConnecTables}{Tandler, P., Prante, T., Müller-Tomfelde, C., Streitz, N., and Steinmetz, R., 2001. ConnecTables: Dynamic Coupling of Displays for the Flexible Creation of Shared Workspaces. In: Proceedings of 14th Annual ACM Sympos...
{\*\bkmkend BEACHConnecTables}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart AMFFWPatternSyncGW}{Tarpin-Bernard, F., David, B., and Primet, P., 1998. Frameworks and patterns for synchronous groupware: AMF-C approach. In: IFIP Working Conference on Engineering for HCI: EHCI'98, pp.\~225\endash 242. {\field{\*\fl...
{\*\bkmkend AMFFWPatternSyncGW}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart Chiron2Architecture}{Taylor, R. N., Medvidovic, N., and et al., K. M. A., 1996. A Component- and Message-Based Architectural Style for GUI Software, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 22\~(6), 390\endash 406.}
{\*\bkmkend Chiron2Architecture}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart PlasticityFrameworkAgenda}{Thevenin, D. and Coutaz, J., 1999. Plasticity of User Interfaces: Framework and Research Agenda. In: Proceedings of Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT'99), IOS Press, pp.\~110\endash 117.}
{\*\bkmkend PlasticityFrameworkAgenda}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart ClockArchitecture}{Urnes, T. and Graham, T. N., 1999. Flexibly Mapping Synchronous Groupware Architectures to Distributed Implementations. In: Proceedings of Design, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems (DSV-IS'99), Sp...
{\*\bkmkend ClockArchitecture}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart VisualWorksUsersGuide}{{\i VisualWorks User's Guide}. ParcPlace-Digitalk, Inc., 999 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA, Revision 2.0 (Software Release 2.5), 1995.}
{\*\bkmkend VisualWorksUsersGuide}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart UbiCompIssues}{Weiser, M., 1993. Some Computer Science Issues In Ubiquitous Computing, Communications of the ACM 36\~(7), 75\endash 84.}
{\*\bkmkend UbiCompIssues}}\par
{{\*\bkmkstart iRoomVisualInstruments}{Winograd, T. and Guimbretière, F., 1999. Visual Instruments for an Interactive Mural. In: Proceeding of the CHI 99 conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI'99) extended abstracts, ACM Press, New Yor...
{\*\bkmkend iRoomVisualInstruments}}}
\par }}
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