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>
> * Promote the connection between trade and development. Trade
> policies can help developing countries strengthen property rights,
> competition, the rule of law, investment, the spread of knowledge, open
> societies, the efficient allocation of resources, and regional
> integration -- all leading to growth, opportunity, and confidence in
> developing countries. The United States is implementing The Africa
> Growth and Opportunity Act to provide market-access for nearly all goods
> produced in the 35 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. We will make more
> use of this act and its equivalent for the Caribbean Basin and continue
> to work with multilateral and regional institutions to help poorer
> countries take advantage of these opportunities. Beyond market access,
> the most important area where trade intersects with poverty is in public
> health. We will ensure that the WTO intellectual property rules are
> flexible enough to allow developing nations to gain access to critical
> medicines for extraordinary dangers like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and
> malaria.
>
> * Enforce trade agreements and laws against unfair practices.
> Commerce depends on the rule of law; international trade depends on
> enforceable agreements. Our top priorities are to resolve ongoing
> disputes with the European Union, Canada, and Mexico and to make a
> global effort to address new technology, science, and health regulations
> that needlessly impede farm exports and improved agriculture. Laws
> against unfair trade practices are often abused, but the international
> community must be able to address genuine concerns about government
> subsidies and dumping. International industrial espionage which
> undermines fair competition must be detected and deterred.
>
> * Help domestic industries and workers adjust. There is a sound
> statutory framework for these transitional safeguards which we have used
> in the agricultural sector and which we are using this year to help the
> American steel industry. The benefits of free trade depend upon the
> enforcement of fair trading practices. These safeguards help ensure that
> the benefits of free trade do not come at the expense of American
> workers. Trade adjustment assistance will help workers adapt to the
> change and dynamism of open markets.
>
> * Protect the environment and workers. The United States must foster
> economic growth in ways that will provide a better life along with
> widening prosperity. We will incorporate labor and environmental
> concerns into U.S. trade negotiations, creating a healthy "network"
> between multilateral environmental agreements with the WTO, and use the
> International Labor Organization, trade preference programs, and trade
> talks to improve working conditions in conjunction with freer trade.
>
> * Enhance energy security. We will strengthen our own energy security
> and the shared prosperity of the global economy by working with our
> allies, trading partners, and energy producers to expand the sources and
> types of global energy supplied, especially in the Western Hemisphere,
> Africa, Central Asia, and the Caspian region. We will also continue to
> work with our partners to develop cleaner and more energy efficient
> technologies.
>
>
> Economic growth should be accompanied by global efforts to stabilize
> greenhouse gas concentrations associated with this growth, containing
> them at a level that prevents dangerous human interference with the
> global climate. Our overall objective is to reduce America's greenhouse
> gas emissions relative to the size of our economy, cutting such
> emissions per unit of economic activity by 18 percent over the next 10
> years, by the year 2012. Our strategies for attaining this goal will be
> to:
>
> * remain committed to the basic U.N. Framework Convention for
> international cooperation;
>
> * obtain agreements with key industries to cut emissions of some of
> the most potent greenhouse gases and give transferable credits to
> companies that can show real cuts;
>
> * develop improved standards for measuring and registering emission
> reductions;
>
> * promote renewable energy production and clean coal technology, as
> well as nuclear power -- which produces no greenhouse gas emissions,
> while also improving fuel economy for U.S. cars and trucks;
>
> * increase spending on research and new conservation technologies, to
> a total of $4.5 billion -- the largest sum being spent on climate change
> by any country in the world and a $700 million increase over last year's
> budget; and
>
> * assist developing countries, especially the major greenhouse gas
> emitters such as China and India, so that they will have the tools and
> resources to join this effort and be able to grow along a cleaner and
> better path.
>
>
> VII. Expand the Circle of Development by Opening Societies and Building
> the Infrastructure of Democracy
>
>
> "In World War II we fought to make the world safer, then worked to
> rebuild it. As we wage war today to keep the world safe from terror, we
> must also work to make the world a better place for all its citizens."
>
>
>
>
>
> President Bush
> Washington, D.C. (Inter-American
> Development Bank)
> March 14, 2002
>
>
>
> A world where some live in comfort and plenty, while half of the human
> race lives on less than $2 a day, is neither just nor stable. Including
> all of the world's poor in an expanding circle of development -- and
> opportunity -- is a moral imperative and one of the top priorities of
> U.S. international policy.
>
> Decades of massive development assistance have failed to spur economic
> growth in the poorest countries. Worse, development aid has often served
> to prop up failed policies, relieving the pressure for reform and
> perpetuating misery. Results of aid are typically measured in dollars
> spent by donors, not in the rates of growth and poverty reduction
> achieved by recipients. These are the indicators of a failed strategy.
>
> Working with other nations, the United States is confronting this
> failure. We forged a new consensus at the U.N. Conference on Financing
> for Development in Monterrey that the objectives of assistance -- and
> the strategies to achieve those objectives -- must change.
>
> This Administration's goal is to help unleash the productive potential
> of individuals in all nations. Sustained growth and poverty reduction is
> impossible without the right national policies. Where governments have
> implemented real policy changes we will provide significant new levels
> of assistance. The United States and other developed countries should
> set an ambitious and specific target: to double the size of the world's
> poorest economies within a decade.
>
> The United States Government will pursue these major strategies to
> achieve this goal:
>
> * Provide resources to aid countries that have met the challenge of
> national reform. We propose a 50 percent increase in the core
> development assistance given by the United States. While continuing our
> present programs, including humanitarian assistance based on need alone,
> these billions of new dollars will form a new Millennium Challenge
> Account for projects in countries whose governments rule justly, invest
> in their people, and encourage economic freedom. Governments must fight
> corruption, respect basic human rights, embrace the rule of law, invest
> in health care and education, follow responsible economic policies, and
> enable entrepreneurship. The Millennium Challenge Account will reward
> countries that have demonstrated real policy change and challenge those
> that have not to implement reforms.
>
> * Improve the effectiveness of the World Bank and other development
> banks in raising living standards. The United States is committed to a
> comprehensive reform agenda for making the World Bank and the other
> multilateral development banks more effective in improving the lives of
> the world's poor. We have reversed the downward trend in U.S.
> contributions and proposed an 18 percent increase in the U.S.
> contributions to the International Development Association (IDA) -- the
> World Bank's fund for the poorest countries -- and the African
> Development Fund. The key to raising living standards and reducing
> poverty around the world is increasing productivity growth, especially
> in the poorest countries. We will continue to press the multilateral
> development banks to focus on activities that increase economic
> productivity, such as improvements in education, health, rule of law,
> and private sector development. Every project, every loan, every grant
> must be judged by how much it will increase productivity growth in
> developing countries.
>
> * Insist upon measurable results to ensure that development
> assistance is actually making a difference in the lives of the world's
> poor. When it comes to economic development, what really matters is that
> more children are getting a better education, more people have access to
> health care and clean water, or more workers can find jobs to make a
> better future for their families. We have a moral obligation to measure
> the success of our development assistance by whether it is delivering
> results. For this reason, we will continue to demand that our own
> development assistance as well as assistance from the multilateral
> development banks has measurable goals and concrete benchmarks for
> achieving those goals. Thanks to U.S. leadership, the recent IDA
> replenishment agreement will establish a monitoring and evaluation
> system that measures recipient countries' progress. For the first time,
> donors can link a portion of their contributions to IDA to the
> achievement of actual development results, and part of the U.S.
> contribution is linked in this way. We will strive to make sure that the
> World Bank and other multilateral development banks build on this
> progress so that a focus on results is an integral part of everything
> that these institutions do.
>
> * Increase the amount of development assistance that is provided in
> the form of grants instead of loans. Greater use of results-based grants
> is the best way to help poor countries make productive investments,
> particularly in the social sectors, without saddling them with
> ever-larger debt burdens. As a result of U.S. leadership, the recent IDA
> agreement provided for significant increases in grant funding for the
> poorest countries for education, HIV/AIDS, health, nutrition, water,
> sanitation, and other human needs. Our goal is to build on that progress
> by increasing the use of grants at the other multilateral development
> banks. We will also challenge universities, nonprofits, and the private
> sector to match government efforts by using grants to support
> development projects that show results.
>
> * Open societies to commerce and investment. Trade and investment are
> the real engines of economic growth. Even if government aid increases,
> most money for development must come from trade, domestic capital, and
> foreign investment. An effective strategy must try to expand these flows
> as well. Free markets and free trade are key priorities of our national
> security strategy.
>
> * Secure public health. The scale of the public health crisis in poor
> countries is enormous. In countries afflicted by epidemics and pandemics
> like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, growth and development will be
> threatened until these scourges can be contained. Resources from the
> developed world are necessary but will be effective only with honest
> governance, which supports prevention programs and provides effective
> local infrastructure. The United States has strongly backed the new
> global fund for HIV/AIDS organized by U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan
> and its focus on combining prevention with a broad strategy for
> treatment and care. The United States already contributes more than
> twice as much money to such efforts as the next largest donor. If the
> global fund demonstrates its promise, we will be ready to give even more.
>
> * Emphasize education. Literacy and learning are the foundation of
> democracy and development. Only about 7 percent of World Bank resources
> are devoted to education. This proportion should grow. The United States
> will increase its own funding for education assistance by at least 20
> percent with an emphasis on improving basic education and teacher
> training in Africa. The United States can also bring information
> technology to these societies, many of whose education systems have been
> devastated by AIDS.
>
> * Continue to aid agricultural development. New technologies,
> including biotechnology, have enormous potential to improve crop yields
> in developing countries while using fewer pesticides and less water.
> Using sound science, the United States should help bring these benefits
> to the 800 million people, including 300 million children, who still
> suffer from hunger and malnutrition.
>
>
> VIII. Develop Agendas for Cooperative Action with the Other Main Centers
> of Global Power
>
>
> "We have our best chance since the rise of the nation-state in the 17th
> century to build a world where the great powers compete in peace instead
> of prepare for war."
>
>
>
>
>
> President Bush
> West Point, New York
> June 1, 2002
>
>
>
> America will implement its strategies by organizing coalitions -- as
> broad as practicable -- of states able and willing to promote a balance
> of power that favors freedom. Effective coalition leadership requires
> clear priorities, an appreciation of others' interests, and consistent
> consultations among partners with a spirit of humility.
>
> There is little of lasting consequence that the United States can
> accomplish in the world without the sustained cooperation of its allies
> and friends in Canada and Europe. Europe is also the seat of two of the
> strongest and most able international institutions in the world: the
> North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which has, since its
> inception, been the fulcrum of transatlantic and inter-European
> security, and the European Union (EU), our partner in opening world
> trade.
>
> The attacks of September 11 were also an attack on NATO, as NATO itself
> recognized when it invoked its Article V self-defense clause for the
> first time. NATO's core mission -- collective defense of the
> transatlantic alliance of democracies -- remains, but NATO must develop
> new structures and capabilities to carry out that mission under new
> circumstances. NATO must build a capability to field, at short notice,
> highly mobile, specially trained forces whenever they are needed to
> respond to a threat against any member of the alliance.
>
> The alliance must be able to act wherever our interests are threatened,
> creating coalitions under NATO's own mandate, as well as contributing to
> mission-based coalitions. To achieve this, we must:
>
> * expand NATO's membership to those democratic nations willing and
> able to share the burden of defending and advancing our common interests;