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    };
    for my $key ( @attributes ) {
        $self->{$key} = $args{$key} if exists $args{$key}
    }

    # Never override proxy argument as this breaks backwards compat.
    if (!exists $self->{proxy} && (my $http_proxy = $ENV{http_proxy})) {
        if ($http_proxy =~ m{\Ahttp://[^/?#:@]+:\d+/?\z}) {
            $self->{proxy} = $http_proxy;
        }
        else {
            Carp::croak(qq{Environment 'http_proxy' must be in format http://<host>:<port>/\n});
        }
    }

    return bless $self, $class;
}


for my $sub_name ( qw/get head put post delete/ ) {
    my $req_method = uc $sub_name;
    no strict 'refs';
    eval <<"HERE";
    sub $sub_name {
        my (\$self, \$url, \$args) = \@_;
        \@_ == 2 || (\@_ == 3 && ref \$args eq 'HASH')
        or Carp::croak(q/Usage: \$http->$sub_name(URL, [HASHREF])/ . "\n");
        return \$self->request('$req_method', \$url, \$args || {});
    }
HERE
}


sub post_form {
    my ($self, $url, $data, $args) = @_;
    (@_ == 3 || @_ == 4 && ref $args eq 'HASH')
        or Carp::croak(q/Usage: $http->post_form(URL, DATAREF, [HASHREF])/ . "\n");

    my $headers = {};
    while ( my ($key, $value) = each %{$args->{headers} || {}} ) {
        $headers->{lc $key} = $value;
    }
    delete $args->{headers};

    return $self->request('POST', $url, {
            %$args,
            content => $self->www_form_urlencode($data),
            headers => {
                %$headers,
                'content-type' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
            },
        }
    );
}


sub mirror {
    my ($self, $url, $file, $args) = @_;
    @_ == 3 || (@_ == 4 && ref $args eq 'HASH')
      or Carp::croak(q/Usage: $http->mirror(URL, FILE, [HASHREF])/ . "\n");
    if ( -e $file and my $mtime = (stat($file))[9] ) {
        $args->{headers}{'if-modified-since'} ||= $self->_http_date($mtime);
    }
    my $tempfile = $file . int(rand(2**31));
    open my $fh, ">", $tempfile
        or Carp::croak(qq/Error: Could not open temporary file $tempfile for downloading: $!\n/);
    binmode $fh;
    $args->{data_callback} = sub { print {$fh} $_[0] };
    my $response = $self->request('GET', $url, $args);
    close $fh
        or Carp::croak(qq/Error: Could not close temporary file $tempfile: $!\n/);
    if ( $response->{success} ) {
        rename $tempfile, $file
            or Carp::croak(qq/Error replacing $file with $tempfile: $!\n/);
        my $lm = $response->{headers}{'last-modified'};
        if ( $lm and my $mtime = $self->_parse_http_date($lm) ) {
            utime $mtime, $mtime, $file;
        }
    }
    $response->{success} ||= $response->{status} eq '304';
    unlink $tempfile;
    return $response;
}


my %idempotent = map { $_ => 1 } qw/GET HEAD PUT DELETE OPTIONS TRACE/;

sub request {
    my ($self, $method, $url, $args) = @_;
    @_ == 3 || (@_ == 4 && ref $args eq 'HASH')
      or Carp::croak(q/Usage: $http->request(METHOD, URL, [HASHREF])/ . "\n");
    $args ||= {}; # we keep some state in this during _request

    # RFC 2616 Section 8.1.4 mandates a single retry on broken socket
    my $response;
    for ( 0 .. 1 ) {
        $response = eval { $self->_request($method, $url, $args) };
        last unless $@ && $idempotent{$method}
            && $@ =~ m{^(?:Socket closed|Unexpected end)};
    }

    if (my $e = "$@") {
        $response = {
            success => q{},
            status  => 599,
            reason  => 'Internal Exception',
            content => $e,
            headers => {
                'content-type'   => 'text/plain',
                'content-length' => length $e,
            }
        };
    }
    return $response;
}


sub www_form_urlencode {
    my ($self, $data) = @_;
    (@_ == 2 && ref $data)
        or Carp::croak(q/Usage: $http->www_form_urlencode(DATAREF)/ . "\n");