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the result will be this:

    use Rot13;
    cevag "uryyb serq\a";

Running it produces this output:

    hello fred

=head1 USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER

The rot13 example was a trivial example. Here's another demonstration
that shows off a few more features.

Say you wanted to include a lot of debugging code in your Perl script
during development, but you didn't want it available in the released
product. Source filters offer a solution. In order to keep the example
simple, let's say you wanted the debugging output to be controlled by
an environment variable, C<DEBUG>. Debugging code is enabled if the
variable exists, otherwise it is disabled.

Two special marker lines will bracket debugging code, like this:

    ## DEBUG_BEGIN
    if ($year > 1999) {
       warn "Debug: millennium bug in year $year\n";
    }
    ## DEBUG_END

The filter ensures that Perl parses the code between the <DEBUG_BEGIN>
and C<DEBUG_END> markers only when the C<DEBUG> environment variable
exists. That means that when C<DEBUG> does exist, the code above
should be passed through the filter unchanged. The marker lines can
also be passed through as-is, because the Perl parser will see them as
comment lines. When C<DEBUG> isn't set, we need a way to disable the
debug code. A simple way to achieve that is to convert the lines
between the two markers into comments:

    ## DEBUG_BEGIN
    #if ($year > 1999) {
    #     warn "Debug: millennium bug in year $year\n";
    #}
    ## DEBUG_END

Here is the complete Debug filter:

    package Debug;

    use strict;
    use warnings;
    use Filter::Util::Call;

    use constant TRUE => 1;
    use constant FALSE => 0;

    sub import {
       my ($type) = @_;
       my (%context) = (
         Enabled => defined $ENV{DEBUG},
         InTraceBlock => FALSE,
         Filename => (caller)[1],
         LineNo => 0,
         LastBegin => 0,
       );
       filter_add(bless \%context);
    }

    sub Die {
       my ($self) = shift;
       my ($message) = shift;
       my ($line_no) = shift || $self->{LastBegin};
       die "$message at $self->{Filename} line $line_no.\n"
    }

    sub filter {
       my ($self) = @_;
       my ($status);
       $status = filter_read();
       ++ $self->{LineNo};

       # deal with EOF/error first
       if ($status <= 0) {
           $self->Die("DEBUG_BEGIN has no DEBUG_END")
               if $self->{InTraceBlock};
           return $status;
       }

       if ($self->{InTraceBlock}) {
          if (/^\s*##\s*DEBUG_BEGIN/ ) {
              $self->Die("Nested DEBUG_BEGIN", $self->{LineNo})
          } elsif (/^\s*##\s*DEBUG_END/) {
              $self->{InTraceBlock} = FALSE;
          }

          # comment out the debug lines when the filter is disabled
          s/^/#/ if ! $self->{Enabled};
       } elsif ( /^\s*##\s*DEBUG_BEGIN/ ) {
          $self->{InTraceBlock} = TRUE;
          $self->{LastBegin} = $self->{LineNo};
       } elsif ( /^\s*##\s*DEBUG_END/ ) {
          $self->Die("DEBUG_END has no DEBUG_BEGIN", $self->{LineNo});
       }
       return $status;
    }

    1;

The big difference between this filter and the previous example is the
use of context data in the filter object. The filter object is based on
a hash reference, and is used to keep various pieces of context
information between calls to the filter function. All but two of the
hash fields are used for error reporting. The first of those two,
Enabled, is used by the filter to determine whether the debugging code
should be given to the Perl parser. The second, InTraceBlock, is true
when the filter has encountered a C<DEBUG_BEGIN> line, but has not yet
encountered the following C<DEBUG_END> line.

If you ignore all the error checking that most of the code does, the
essence of the filter is as follows:

    sub filter {