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    return UV__ERR(errno);
  return r;
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__) && defined(F_DUP2FD_CLOEXEC)
  r = fcntl(oldfd, F_DUP2FD_CLOEXEC, newfd);
  if (r != -1)
    return r;
  if (errno != EINVAL)
    return UV__ERR(errno);
  /* Fall through. */
#elif defined(__linux__)
  static int no_dup3;
  if (!no_dup3) {
    do
      r = uv__dup3(oldfd, newfd, UV__O_CLOEXEC);
    while (r == -1 && errno == EBUSY);
    if (r != -1)
      return r;
    if (errno != ENOSYS)
      return UV__ERR(errno);
    /* Fall through. */
    no_dup3 = 1;
  }
#endif
  {
    int err;
    do
      r = dup2(oldfd, newfd);
#if defined(__linux__)
    while (r == -1 && errno == EBUSY);
#else
    while (0);  /* Never retry. */
#endif

    if (r == -1)
      return UV__ERR(errno);

    err = uv__cloexec(newfd, 1);
    if (err) {
      uv__close(newfd);
      return err;
    }

    return r;
  }
}


int uv_os_homedir(char* buffer, size_t* size) {
  uv_passwd_t pwd;
  size_t len;
  int r;

  /* Check if the HOME environment variable is set first. The task of
     performing input validation on buffer and size is taken care of by
     uv_os_getenv(). */
  r = uv_os_getenv("HOME", buffer, size);

  if (r != UV_ENOENT)
    return r;

  /* HOME is not set, so call uv__getpwuid_r() */
  r = uv__getpwuid_r(&pwd);

  if (r != 0) {
    return r;
  }

  len = strlen(pwd.homedir);

  if (len >= *size) {
    *size = len + 1;
    uv_os_free_passwd(&pwd);
    return UV_ENOBUFS;
  }

  memcpy(buffer, pwd.homedir, len + 1);
  *size = len;
  uv_os_free_passwd(&pwd);

  return 0;
}


int uv_os_tmpdir(char* buffer, size_t* size) {
  const char* buf;
  size_t len;

  if (buffer == NULL || size == NULL || *size == 0)
    return UV_EINVAL;

#define CHECK_ENV_VAR(name)                                                   \
  do {                                                                        \
    buf = getenv(name);                                                       \
    if (buf != NULL)                                                          \
      goto return_buffer;                                                     \
  }                                                                           \
  while (0)

  /* Check the TMPDIR, TMP, TEMP, and TEMPDIR environment variables in order */
  CHECK_ENV_VAR("TMPDIR");
  CHECK_ENV_VAR("TMP");
  CHECK_ENV_VAR("TEMP");
  CHECK_ENV_VAR("TEMPDIR");

#undef CHECK_ENV_VAR

  /* No temp environment variables defined */
  #if defined(__ANDROID__)
    buf = "/data/local/tmp";
  #else
    buf = "/tmp";
  #endif

return_buffer:
  len = strlen(buf);

  if (len >= *size) {
    *size = len + 1;
    return UV_ENOBUFS;
  }

  /* The returned directory should not have a trailing slash. */
  if (len > 1 && buf[len - 1] == '/') {
    len--;
  }

  memcpy(buffer, buf, len + 1);
  buffer[len] = '\0';
  *size = len;

  return 0;
}


int uv__getpwuid_r(uv_passwd_t* pwd) {
  struct passwd pw;
  struct passwd* result;
  char* buf;
  uid_t uid;
  size_t bufsize;
  size_t name_size;
  size_t homedir_size;
  size_t shell_size;
  long initsize;
  int r;
#if defined(__ANDROID_API__) && __ANDROID_API__ < 21
  int (*getpwuid_r)(uid_t, struct passwd*, char*, size_t, struct passwd**);

  getpwuid_r = dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "getpwuid_r");
  if (getpwuid_r == NULL)
    return UV_ENOSYS;
#endif

  if (pwd == NULL)
    return UV_EINVAL;

  initsize = sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX);

  if (initsize <= 0)
    bufsize = 4096;
  else
    bufsize = (size_t) initsize;

  uid = geteuid();
  buf = NULL;

  for (;;) {
    uv__free(buf);
    buf = uv__malloc(bufsize);

    if (buf == NULL)
      return UV_ENOMEM;

    r = getpwuid_r(uid, &pw, buf, bufsize, &result);

    if (r != ERANGE)
      break;

    bufsize *= 2;
  }

  if (r != 0) {
    uv__free(buf);
    return -r;
  }

  if (result == NULL) {
    uv__free(buf);
    return UV_ENOENT;
  }

  /* Allocate memory for the username, shell, and home directory */
  name_size = strlen(pw.pw_name) + 1;
  homedir_size = strlen(pw.pw_dir) + 1;
  shell_size = strlen(pw.pw_shell) + 1;
  pwd->username = uv__malloc(name_size + homedir_size + shell_size);

  if (pwd->username == NULL) {
    uv__free(buf);
    return UV_ENOMEM;
  }

  /* Copy the username */
  memcpy(pwd->username, pw.pw_name, name_size);

  /* Copy the home directory */
  pwd->homedir = pwd->username + name_size;
  memcpy(pwd->homedir, pw.pw_dir, homedir_size);

  /* Copy the shell */
  pwd->shell = pwd->homedir + homedir_size;
  memcpy(pwd->shell, pw.pw_shell, shell_size);

  /* Copy the uid and gid */
  pwd->uid = pw.pw_uid;
  pwd->gid = pw.pw_gid;

  uv__free(buf);

  return 0;
}


void uv_os_free_passwd(uv_passwd_t* pwd) {
  if (pwd == NULL)
    return;

  /*
    The memory for name, shell, and homedir are allocated in a single
    uv__malloc() call. The base of the pointer is stored in pwd->username, so
    that is the field that needs to be freed.
  */
  uv__free(pwd->username);
  pwd->username = NULL;
  pwd->shell = NULL;
  pwd->homedir = NULL;
}


int uv_os_get_passwd(uv_passwd_t* pwd) {
  return uv__getpwuid_r(pwd);
}


int uv_translate_sys_error(int sys_errno) {
  /* If < 0 then it's already a libuv error. */
  return sys_errno <= 0 ? sys_errno : -sys_errno;
}


int uv_os_getenv(const char* name, char* buffer, size_t* size) {
  char* var;
  size_t len;

  if (name == NULL || buffer == NULL || size == NULL || *size == 0)
    return UV_EINVAL;

  var = getenv(name);

  if (var == NULL)
    return UV_ENOENT;

  len = strlen(var);

  if (len >= *size) {
    *size = len + 1;
    return UV_ENOBUFS;
  }

  memcpy(buffer, var, len + 1);
  *size = len;

  return 0;
}


int uv_os_setenv(const char* name, const char* value) {
  if (name == NULL || value == NULL)
    return UV_EINVAL;

  if (setenv(name, value, 1) != 0)
    return UV__ERR(errno);

  return 0;
}


int uv_os_unsetenv(const char* name) {
  if (name == NULL)
    return UV_EINVAL;

  if (unsetenv(name) != 0)
    return UV__ERR(errno);

  return 0;
}


int uv_os_gethostname(char* buffer, size_t* size) {
  /*
    On some platforms, if the input buffer is not large enough, gethostname()