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and the user is responsible for allocating the memory and then initializing the loop.

libuv 0.10

::

    uv_loop_t* loop = uv_loop_new();
    ...
    uv_loop_delete(loop);

libuv 1.0

::

    uv_loop_t* loop = malloc(sizeof *loop);
    uv_loop_init(loop);
    ...
    uv_loop_close(loop);
    free(loop);

.. note::
    Error handling was omitted for brevity. Check the documentation for :c:func:`uv_loop_init`
    and :c:func:`uv_loop_close`.


Error handling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Error handling had a major overhaul in libuv 1.0. In general, functions and status parameters
would get 0 for success and -1 for failure on libuv 0.10, and the user had to use `uv_last_error`
to fetch the error code, which was a positive number.

In 1.0, functions and status parameters contain the actual error code, which is 0 for success, or
a negative number in case of error.

libuv 0.10

::

    ... assume 'server' is a TCP server which is already listening
    r = uv_listen((uv_stream_t*) server, 511, NULL);
    if (r == -1) {
      uv_err_t err = uv_last_error(uv_default_loop());
      /* err.code contains UV_EADDRINUSE */
    }

libuv 1.0

::

    ... assume 'server' is a TCP server which is already listening
    r = uv_listen((uv_stream_t*) server, 511, NULL);
    if (r < 0) {
      /* r contains UV_EADDRINUSE */
    }


Threadpool changes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In libuv 0.10 Unix used a threadpool which defaulted to 4 threads, while Windows used the
`QueueUserWorkItem` API, which uses a Windows internal threadpool, which defaults to 512
threads per process.

In 1.0, we unified both implementations, so Windows now uses the same implementation Unix
does. The threadpool size can be set by exporting the ``UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE`` environment
variable. See :c:ref:`threadpool`.


Allocation callback API change
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In libuv 0.10 the callback had to return a filled :c:type:`uv_buf_t` by value:

::

    uv_buf_t alloc_cb(uv_handle_t* handle, size_t size) {
        return uv_buf_init(malloc(size), size);
    }

In libuv 1.0 a pointer to a buffer is passed to the callback, which the user
needs to fill:

::

    void alloc_cb(uv_handle_t* handle, size_t size, uv_buf_t* buf) {
        buf->base = malloc(size);
        buf->len = size;
    }


Unification of IPv4 / IPv6 APIs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

libuv 1.0 unified the IPv4 and IPv6 APIS. There is no longer a `uv_tcp_bind` and `uv_tcp_bind6`
duality, there is only :c:func:`uv_tcp_bind` now.

IPv4 functions took ``struct sockaddr_in`` structures by value, and IPv6 functions took
``struct sockaddr_in6``. Now functions take a ``struct sockaddr*`` (note it's a pointer).
It can be stack allocated.

libuv 0.10

::

    struct sockaddr_in addr = uv_ip4_addr("0.0.0.0", 1234);
    ...
    uv_tcp_bind(&server, addr)

libuv 1.0

::

    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    uv_ip4_addr("0.0.0.0", 1234, &addr)
    ...
    uv_tcp_bind(&server, (const struct sockaddr*) &addr, 0);

The IPv4 and IPv6 struct creating functions (:c:func:`uv_ip4_addr` and :c:func:`uv_ip6_addr`)
have also changed, make sure you check the documentation.

..note::
    This change applies to all functions that made a distinction between IPv4 and IPv6
    addresses.