Language-Farnsworth
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lib/Language/Farnsworth/Units/Standard.pm view on Meta::CPAN
line := 1/12 inch; // Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb'
rod := 11/2 surveyyard;
rd := rod;
perch := rod;
furlong := 40 rod; // From "furrow long"
statutemile := statute mile;
league := 3 statute mile;
// Calories: energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius
cal_IT := 41868/10000 J; // International Table calorie
cal_th := 4184/1000 J; // Thermochemical calorie
cal_fifteen := 4.18580 J; // Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC
cal_twenty := 4.18190 J; // Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC
cal_mean := 4.19002 J; // 1/100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC
calorie := cal_IT;
cal := calorie;
calorie_IT := cal_IT;
thermcalorie := cal_th;
calorie_th := thermcalorie;
Calorie := kilocalorie; // the food Calorie
thermie := 1ee6 cal_fifteen;// Heat required to raise the
// temperature of a tonne of
// water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC.
//
// Units derived from physical constants
//
inHg := inch gravity Hg; // Inches of mercury
inH2O := inch gravity water;
inchmercury := inHg;
inchesmercury := inHg; // Irregular plural
mmH2O := mm gravity water;
mmHg := mm gravity Hg;
kgf := kg gravity;
technicalatmosphere := kgf / cm^2;
at := technicalatmosphere;
hyl := kgf s^2 / m; // Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15]
torr := 101325/760 Pa; // Exactly defined. Differs from mmHg by
// about 1 part in 7 million.
Torr := torr; // Accepted symbol is Torr
// These units, both named after Evangelista
tor := Pa; // Torricelli, should not be confused.
// Acording to [15] the torr is actually
// atm/760 which is slightly different.
eV := electroncharge V; // Energy acquired by a particle with charge e
electronvolt := eV; // when it is accelerated through 1 V
lightyear := c 365.25 day; // The 365.25 day year is specified in
// NIST publication 811
ly := lightyear;
lightsecond := c s;
lightminute := c min;
parsec := au radian / arcsec; // Unit of length equal to distance
pc := parsec; // from the sun to a point having
// heliocentric parallax of 1
// arcsec (derived from parallax
// second) The formula should use
// tangent, but the error is about
// 1e-12.
rydberg := h c Rinfinity; // Rydberg energy
crith := 0.089885 gram; // The crith is the mass of one
// liter of hydrogen at standard
// temperature and pressure.
amagatvolume := molarvolume;
amagat := mol/amagatvolume; // Used to measure gas densities
lorentz := bohrmagneton / (h c);// Used to measure the extent
// that the frequency of light
// is shifted by a magnetic field.
cminv := h c / cm; // Unit of energy used in infrared
invcm := cminv; // spectroscopy.
wavenumber := cminv;
kcal_mol := kcal / (mol N_A); // kcal/mol is used as a unit of
// energy by physical chemists.
//
// CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second
//
dyne := cm gram / s^2 ; // force
dyn := dyne;
erg := cm dyne; // energy
poise := gram / (cm s); // viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille
P := poise;
poise ||| viscosity;
rhe := poise^-1; // reciprocal viscosity
rhe ||| reciprocal_viscosity;
stokes := cm^2 / s; // kinematic viscosity
St := stokes;
stokes ||| kinematic_viscosity;
stoke := stokes;
lentor := stokes; // old name
Gal := cm / s^2; // acceleration, used in geophysics
galileo := Gal; // for earth's gravitational field
// (note that "gal" is for gallon
// but "Gal" is the standard symbol
// for the gal which is evidently a
// shortened form of "galileo".)
barye := dyne/cm^2; // pressure
barad := barye; // old name
kayser := 1/cm; // Proposed as a unit for wavenumber
balmer := kayser; // Even less common name than "kayser"
kine := cm/s; // velocity
bole := g cm / s; // momentum
pond := gram force;
glug := gram force s^2 / cm;// Mass which is accelerated at
// 1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force
darcy := centipoise cm^2 /(s atm);// Measures permeability to fluid flow.
// One darcy is the permeability of a
// medium that allows a flow of cc/s of
// a liquid of centipoise viscosity
// under a pressure gradient of atm/cm.
mohm := cm / (dyn s); // mobile ohm, measure of mechanical
mobileohm := mohm; // mobility
mechanicalohm := dyn s / cm; // mechanical resistance
acousticalohm := dyn s / cm^5; // ratio of the sound pressure of
// 1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength
lib/Language/Farnsworth/Units/Standard.pm view on Meta::CPAN
// http://www.bipm.org/pdf/si-brochure.pdf
J/kg ||| specific_energy;
W/m^2 ||| heat_flux_density;
J/mol ||| molar_energy;
J/(mol K) ||| molar_heat_capacity;
// kvalue is defined as the amount of
// heat that will be transmitted through a one inch thick piece of
// homogenous material, one square foot in size, in one hour, when
// there is a one degree Fahrenheit temperature difference.
//
// Cvalue is the kvalue multiplied by the thickness in inches and thus
// gives the thermal conductance of a real piece of material with a given
// thickness.
// Rvalue is the reciprocal of this, and refers to the thermal insulance of a
// real piece of material of a given, concrete thickness.
clo := 0.155 K m^2 / W;// Supposed to be the insulance
// required to keep a resting person
// comfortable indoors. The value
// given is from NIST and the CRC,
// but [5] gives a slightly different
// value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / Btu.
// Misc other measures
clausius := 1ee3 cal/K; // A unit of physical entropy
langley := thermcalorie/cm^2;
poncelet := 100 kg force m / s;
tonrefrigeration := ton 144 Btu / (lb day);// One ton refrigeration is
// the rate of heat extraction required
// turn one ton of water to ice in
// a day. Ice is defined to have a
// latent heat of 144 Btu/lb.
tonsrefrigeration := tonrefrigeration; // Irregular plural
tonref := tonrefrigeration;
refrigeration := tonref / ton;
frigorie := 1000 cal_fifteen;// Used in refrigeration engineering.
// Energy in combustible fuels
TNT := 4184000000 J/ton; // So you can write tons TNT, this
// is a defined, not measured, value
PETN := 6.01e6 J/kg; // An explosive compound,
// Pentaerythrite tetranitrate
// used in plastic explosive like Semtex
gasoline := 1.4e8 J/gallon; // So you can convert energy
// to gallons gasoline
gasoline_density := 0.694 g / cm^3; //Density at 300K, according to, http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_temperature_affect_the_density_of_gasoline_or_petrol
natural_gas := 1.09e6 J/foot^3; // Energy in natural gas
naturalgas := natural_gas;
propane := 9.63e7 J/gallon; // Energy in liquid propane
kerosene := 1.42e8 J/gallon; // Energy in liquid kerosene
oil := 41.868 GJ/metricton;
coal := 18.20 GJ/metricton;
//
// Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines
// how fast vapor flows through the substance. The formula W = n A dP
// holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability,
// A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference.
//
// Alan's Veto: These are damned, damned sketchy, and are going to go.
// perm_0C := grain / (hr ft^2 inHg);
// perm_zero := perm_0C;
// perm_0 := perm_0C;
// perm := perm_0C;
//perm_23C := grain / (hr ft^2 in-Hg23C);
//perm_twentythree := perm_23C;
//
// Counting measures
//
unity := 1;
pair := 2;
couple := 2;
brace := 2;
nest := 3;
dickers := 10;
dozen := 12;
bakersdozen := 13;
score := 20;
flock := 40;
timer := 40;
shock := 60;
gross := 144;
greatgross := 12 gross;
// Paper counting measure
shortquire := 24;
quire := 25;
shortream := 480;
ream := 500;
reams := ream;
perfectream := 516;
bundle := 2 reams;
bale := 5 bundle;
//
// Paper measures
//
// USA paper sizes
lettersize := 8.5 inch 11 inch;
legalsize := 8.5 inch 14 inch;
ledgersize := 11 inch 17 inch;
executivesize := 7.25 inch 10.5 inch;
Apaper := 8.5 inch 11 inch;
Bpaper := 11 inch 17 inch;
Cpaper := 17 inch 22 inch;
Dpaper := 22 inch 34 inch;
Epaper := 34 inch 44 inch;
// The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half
// along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are
lib/Language/Farnsworth/Units/Standard.pm view on Meta::CPAN
gph := gal/hr;
gpm := gal/min;
mgd := megagal/day;
cf := ft^3;
ccf := 100 cf; // sorta dubious, but used.
cfs := cf/s;
cfh := cf/hour;
cfm := cf/min;
lpm := liter/min;
// Miner's inch: This is an old historic unit used in the Western United
// States. It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square
// inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches. In the late 19th century,
// volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch". Values for the
// miner's inch were fixed by state statues. (This information is from a web
// site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning: The Water Words
// Dictionary at http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/waterwds.htm.)
minersinchAZ := 1.5 ft^3/min;
minersinchCA := 1.5 ft^3/min;
minersinchMT := 1.5 ft^3/min;
minersinchNV := 1.5 ft^3/min;
minersinchOR := 1.5 ft^3/min;
minersinchID := 1.2 ft^3/min;
minersinchKS := 1.2 ft^3/min;
minersinchNE := 1.2 ft^3/min;
minersinchNM := 1.2 ft^3/min;
minersinchND := 1.2 ft^3/min;
minersinchSD := 1.2 ft^3/min;
minersinchUT := 1.2 ft^3/min;
minersinchCO := 1.56 ft^3/min;
minersinchBC := 1.68 ft^3/min; // British Columbia
// In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured
// as the product of volumetric flow and pressure. This is useful
// because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard
// pressure (one atmosphere). It also directly relates to the number
// of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the
// molecular mass is known.
sccm := atm cc/min; // 's' is for "standard" to indicate
sccs := atm cc/sec; // flow at standard pressure
scfh := atm ft^3/hour; //
scfm := atm ft^3/min;
slpm := atm liter/min;
slph := atm liter/hour;
lusec := liter micron Hg force / s; // Used in vacuum science
// Wire gauge: this area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge
// diameters that usually have no clear origin. There are at least 5 competing
// wire gauge systems to add to the confusion.
// The use of wire gauge is related to the manufacturing method: a metal rod is
// heated and drawn through a hole. The size change can't be too big. To get
// smaller wires, the process is repeated with a series of smaller holes.
// American Wire Gauge (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe Gauge appears to be the most
// important gauge. ASTM B-258 specifies that this gauge is based on geometric
// interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, and gauge 36
// which is 0.005 inches exactly. Therefore, the diameter in inches of a wire
// is given by the formula 1/200 92^((36-g)/39). Note that 92^(1/39) is close
// to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every 6 gauges. For the
// repeated zero values, use negative numbers in the formula. The same document
// also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers of tables.
// Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant figures, but no
// closer than 0.0001 inch. Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be rounded to the
// nearest 0.00001 inch. The table below gives 4 significant figures for all
// gauges.
//
// In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to
// measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other
// than steel, iron and zinc.
// The numbers below are DIAMETERS.
wire0000gauge := 0.4600 in;
wire000gauge := 0.4096 in;
wire00gauge := 0.3648 in;
wire0gauge := 0.3249 in;
wire1gauge := 0.2893 in;
wire2gauge := 0.2576 in;
wire3gauge := 0.2294 in;
wire4gauge := 0.2043 in;
wire5gauge := 0.1819 in;
wire6gauge := 0.1620 in;
wire7gauge := 0.1443 in;
wire8gauge := 0.1285 in;
wire9gauge := 0.1144 in;
wire10gauge := 0.1019 in;
wire11gauge := 0.09074 in;
wire12gauge := 0.08081 in;
wire13gauge := 0.07196 in;
wire14gauge := 0.06408 in;
wire15gauge := 0.05707 in;
wire16gauge := 0.05082 in;
wire17gauge := 0.04526 in;
wire18gauge := 0.04030 in;
wire19gauge := 0.03589 in;
wire20gauge := 0.03196 in;
wire21gauge := 0.02846 in;
wire22gauge := 0.02535 in;
wire23gauge := 0.02257 in;
wire24gauge := 0.02010 in;
wire25gauge := 0.01790 in;
wire26gauge := 0.01594 in;
wire27gauge := 0.01420 in;
wire28gauge := 0.01264 in;
wire29gauge := 0.01126 in;
wire30gauge := 0.01003 in;
wire31gauge := 0.008928 in;
wire32gauge := 0.007950 in;
wire33gauge := 0.007080 in;
wire34gauge := 0.006305 in;
wire35gauge := 0.005615 in;
wire36gauge := 0.005000 in;
wire37gauge := 0.004453 in;
wire38gauge := 0.003965 in;
wire39gauge := 0.003531 in;
wire40gauge := 0.003145 in;
wire41gauge := 0.002800 in;
wire42gauge := 0.002494 in;
wire43gauge := 0.002221 in;
wire44gauge := 0.001978 in;
wire45gauge := 0.001761 in;
wire46gauge := 0.001568 in;
wire47gauge := 0.001397 in;
wire48gauge := 0.001244 in;
wire49gauge := 0.001108 in;
wire50gauge := 0.0009863 in;
wire51gauge := 0.0008783 in;
wire52gauge := 0.0007822 in;
wire53gauge := 0.0006966 in;
wire54gauge := 0.0006203 in;
wire55gauge := 0.0005524 in;
wire56gauge := 0.0004919 in;
// Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge. This one
// is piecewise linear, so it is not generated by a simple formula. It was used
// for aluminum sheets.
brwire0000000gauge := 0.500 in;
brwire000000gauge := 0.464 in;
brwire00000gauge := 0.432 in;
brwire0000gauge := 0.400 in;
brwire000gauge := 0.372 in;
brwire00gauge := 0.348 in;
brwire0gauge := 0.324 in;
brwire1gauge := 0.300 in;
brwire2gauge := 0.276 in;
brwire3gauge := 0.252 in;
brwire4gauge := 0.232 in;
brwire5gauge := 0.212 in;
brwire6gauge := 0.192 in;
brwire7gauge := 0.176 in;
brwire8gauge := 0.160 in;
brwire9gauge := 0.144 in;
brwire10gauge := 0.128 in;
brwire11gauge := 0.116 in;
brwire12gauge := 0.104 in;
brwire13gauge := 0.092 in;
brwire14gauge := 0.080 in;
brwire15gauge := 0.072 in;
brwire16gauge := 0.064 in;
brwire17gauge := 0.056 in;
brwire18gauge := 0.048 in;
brwire19gauge := 0.040 in;
brwire20gauge := 0.036 in;
brwire21gauge := 0.032 in;
brwire22gauge := 0.028 in;
brwire23gauge := 0.024 in;
brwire24gauge := 0.022 in;
brwire25gauge := 0.0200 in;
brwire26gauge := 0.0180 in;
brwire27gauge := 0.0164 in;
brwire28gauge := 0.0149 in;
brwire29gauge := 0.0136 in;
brwire30gauge := 0.0124 in;
brwire31gauge := 0.0116 in;
brwire32gauge := 0.0108 in;
brwire33gauge := 0.0100 in;
brwire34gauge := 0.0092 in;
brwire35gauge := 0.0084 in;
brwire36gauge := 0.0076 in;
brwire37gauge := 0.0068 in;
brwire38gauge := 0.0060 in;
brwire39gauge := 0.0052 in;
brwire40gauge := 0.0048 in;
brwire41gauge := 0.0044 in;
brwire42gauge := 0.0040 in;
brwire43gauge := 0.0036 in;
brwire44gauge := 0.0032 in;
brwire45gauge := 0.0028 in;
brwire46gauge := 0.0024 in;
brwire47gauge := 0.0020 in;
brwire48gauge := 0.0016 in;
brwire49gauge := 0.0012 in;
brwire50gauge := 0.0010 in;
// The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258
//
// For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the
// weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as approximately
// .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original standard was
// based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel has almost
// entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds per cubic
// inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no formula for
// converting gage to thickness or weight.
//
// It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are
// therefore wrong if steel is being used. Reference [15] states that steel is
// in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard
// Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel.
// But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is
// closer), and nobody else lists these values.
//
// This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation.
plate000000gauge := 15/32 in; // 300 oz / ft^2
plate00000gauge := 14/32 in; // 280 oz / ft^2
plate0000gauge := 13/32 in; // 260 oz / ft^2
plate000gauge := 12/32 in; // 240 oz / ft^2
plate00gauge := 11/32 in; // 220 oz / ft^2
plate0gauge := 10/32 in; // 200 oz / ft^2
plate1gauge := 9/32 in; // 180 oz / ft^2
plate2gauge := 17/64 in; // 170 oz / ft^2
plate3gauge := 16/64 in; // 160 oz / ft^2
plate4gauge := 15/64 in; // 150 oz / ft^2
plate5gauge := 14/64 in; // 140 oz / ft^2
plate6gauge := 13/64 in; // 130 oz / ft^2
plate7gauge := 12/64 in; // 120 oz / ft^2
plate8gauge := 11/64 in; // 110 oz / ft^2
plate9gauge := 10/64 in; // 100 oz / ft^2
plate10gauge := 9/64 in; // 90 oz / ft^2
plate11gauge := 8/64 in; // 80 oz / ft^2
plate12gauge := 7/64 in; // 70 oz / ft^2
plate13gauge := 6/64 in; // 60 oz / ft^2
plate14gauge := 5/64 in; // 50 oz / ft^2
plate15gauge := 9/128 in; // 45 oz / ft^2
plate16gauge := 8/128 in; // 40 oz / ft^2
plate17gauge := 9/160 in; // 36 oz / ft^2
plate18gauge := 8/160 in; // 32 oz / ft^2
plate19gauge := 7/160 in; // 28 oz / ft^2
plate20gauge := 6/160 in; // 24 oz / ft^2
plate21gauge := 11/320 in; // 22 oz / ft^2
plate22gauge := 10/320 in; // 20 oz / ft^2
plate23gauge := 9/320 in; // 18 oz / ft^2
plate24gauge := 8/320 in; // 16 oz / ft^2
plate25gauge := 7/320 in; // 14 oz / ft^2
plate26gauge := 6/320 in; // 12 oz / ft^2
plate27gauge := 11/640 in; // 11 oz / ft^2
plate28gauge := 10/640 in; // 10 oz / ft^2
plate29gauge := 9/640 in; // 9 oz / ft^2
plate30gauge := 8/640 in; // 8 oz / ft^2
plate31gauge := 7/640 in; // 7 oz / ft^2
plate32gauge := 13/1280 in; // 6.5 oz / ft^2
plate33gauge := 12/1280 in; // 6 oz / ft^2
plate34gauge := 11/1280 in; // 5.5 oz / ft^2
plate35gauge := 10/1280 in; // 5 oz / ft^2
plate36gauge := 9/1280 in; // 4.5 oz / ft^2
plate37gauge := 17/2560 in; // 4.25 oz / ft^2
plate38gauge := 16/2560 in; // 4 oz / ft^2
// Zinc sheet metal gauge
zinc1gauge := 0.002 in;
zinc2gauge := 0.004 in;
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