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	    }
	}
	my @cmd = ('dpkg-query', '-W', '-f=${Package}\t${Status}\t${Version}\n', @packages);
	my $err = Symbol::gensym();
	my $fh;
	my $pid = IPC::Open3::open3(undef, $fh, $err, @cmd)
	    or error "Error running '@cmd': $!";
	while(<$fh>) {
	    chomp;
	    if (m{^([^\t]+)\t([^\t]+)\t([^\t]*)$}) {
		if ($2 ne 'install ok installed') {
		    push @missing_packages, $1;
		}
		if ($required_version{$1} && $required_version{$1} ne $3) {
		    push @missing_packages, $1;
		}
		$seen_packages{$1} = 1;
	    } else {
		warning "cannot parse '$_', ignore line...";
	    }
	}
	waitpid $pid, 0;
	for my $package (@packages) {
	    if (!$seen_packages{$package}) {
		push @missing_packages, $package;
	    }
	}
    }
    @missing_packages;
}

sub deb_install_key {
    my($self, %opts) = @_;
    my $url       = delete $opts{url};
    my $keyserver = delete $opts{keyserver};
    my $key       = delete $opts{key};
    error "Unhandled options: " . join(" ", %opts) if %opts;

    if (!$url) {
	if (!$keyserver) {
	    error "keyserver is missing";
	}
	if (!$key) {
	    error "key is missing";
	}
    } else {
	if ($keyserver) {
	    error "Don't define both url and keyserver";
	}
    }

    my $found_key;
    if ($key) {
	$key =~ s{\s}{}g; # convenience: strip spaces from key ('apt-key finger' returns them with spaces)
	local $ENV{LC_ALL} = 'C';
	# XXX If run with $sudo, then this will emit warnings in the form
	#   gpg: WARNING: unsafe ownership on configuration file `$HOME/.gnupg/gpg.conf'
	# Annoying, but harmless. Could be workarounded by specifying
	# '--homedir=/root/.gpg', but this would create gpg files under ~root. Similar
	# if using something like
	#   local $ENV{HOME} = (getpwuid($<))[7];
	# Probably better would be to work with privilege escalation and run
	# this command as normal user (to be implemented).
	#
	# Older Debian (jessie and older?) have only /etc/apt/trusted.gpg,
	# newer ones (stretch and newer?) have /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/*.gpg
    SEARCH_FOR_KEY: {
	    require File::Glob;
	    for my $keyfile ('/etc/apt/trusted.gpg', File::Glob::bsd_glob('/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/*.gpg')) {
		if (-r $keyfile) {
		    my @cmd = ('gpg', '--keyring', $keyfile, '--list-keys', '--fingerprint', '--with-colons');
		    open my $fh, '-|', @cmd
			or error "Running '@cmd' failed: $!";
		    while(<$fh>) {
			if (m{^fpr:::::::::\Q$key\E:$}) {
			    $found_key = 1;
			    last SEARCH_FOR_KEY;
			}
		    }
		    close $fh
			or error "Running '@cmd' failed: $!";
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    my $changed = 0;
    if (!$found_key) {
	if ($keyserver) {
	    $self->system(get_sudo_cmd(), 'apt-key', 'adv', '--keyserver', $keyserver, '--recv-keys', $key);
	} elsif ($url) {
	    my @fetch_cmd;
	    if ($self->which('curl')) {
		@fetch_cmd = ('curl', '-fsSL', $url);
	    } else {
		@fetch_cmd = ('wget', '-O-', $url); # other alternative would be lwp-request
	    }
	    my @add_cmd   = (get_sudo_cmd(), 'apt-key', 'add', '-');
	    if ($self->is_dry_run) {
		info "Fetch key using '@fetch_cmd' and add using '@add_cmd' (dry-run)";
	    } else {
		open my $ifh, '-|', @fetch_cmd
		    or error "Failed to start '@fetch_cmd': $!";
		open my $ofh, '|-', @add_cmd
		    or error "Failed to start '@add_cmd': $!";
		local $/ = \1024;
		while(<$ifh>) {
		    print $ofh $_;
		}
		close $ofh
		    or error "Running '@add_cmd' failed: $!";
		close $ifh
		    or error "Running '@fetch_cmd' failed: $!";
	    }
	} else {
	    error "Shouldn't happen (either url or keyserver has to be specified)";
	}
	$changed = 1;
    }
    $changed;
}