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    # work-a-like for Makefile.PL's LIBS and INC arguments
    # if given as command-line argument, append to %args
    for my $arg (@argv) {
        for my $mm_attr_key (qw(LIBS INC)) {
            if (my ($mm_attr_value) = $arg =~ /\A $mm_attr_key = (.*)/x) {
            # it is tempting to put some \s* into the expression, but the
            # MM command-line parser only accepts LIBS etc. followed by =,
            # so we should not be any more lenient with whitespace than that
                $args{$mm_attr_key} .= " $mm_attr_value";
            }
        }
    }

    if(defined($args{LIBS})) {
        foreach my $arg (_parsewords($args{LIBS})) {
            die("LIBS argument badly-formed: $arg\n") unless($arg =~ /^-[lLR]/);
            push @{$arg =~ /^-l/ ? \@libs : \@libpaths}, substr($arg, 2);
        }
    }
    if(defined($args{INC})) {
        foreach my $arg (_parsewords($args{INC})) {
            die("INC argument badly-formed: $arg\n") unless($arg =~ /^-I/);
            push @incpaths, substr($arg, 2);
        }
    }

    my ($cc, $ld) = _findcc($args{debug}, $args{ccflags}, $args{ldflags});
    my @missing;
    my @wrongresult;
    my @wronganalysis;
    my @use_headers;

    # first figure out which headers we can't find ...
    for my $header (@headers) {
        push @use_headers, $header;
        my ($cfile, $ofile) = _make_cfile(\@use_headers, '', $args{debug});
        my $exefile = File::Temp::mktemp( 'assertlibXXXXXXXX' ) . $Config{_exe};
        my @sys_cmd = _compile_cmd($Config{cc}, $cc, $cfile, $exefile, \@incpaths, $ld, $Config{libs});
        warn "# @sys_cmd\n" if $args{debug};
        my $rv = $args{debug} ? system(@sys_cmd) : _quiet_system(@sys_cmd);
        push @missing, $header if $rv != 0 || ! -f $exefile;
        _cleanup_exe($exefile);
        unlink $cfile;
    }

    # now do each library in turn with headers
    my ($cfile, $ofile) = _make_cfile(\@use_headers, @args{qw(function debug)});
    for my $lib ( @libs ) {
        last if $Config{cc} eq 'CC/DECC';          # VMS
        my $exefile = File::Temp::mktemp( 'assertlibXXXXXXXX' ) . $Config{_exe};
        my @sys_cmd = _compile_cmd($Config{cc}, $cc, $cfile, $exefile, \@incpaths, $ld, $Config{libs}, $lib, \@libpaths);
        warn "# @sys_cmd\n" if $args{debug};
        local $ENV{LD_RUN_PATH} = join(":", grep $_, @libpaths, $ENV{LD_RUN_PATH}) unless $^O eq 'MSWin32' or $^O eq 'darwin';
        local $ENV{PATH} = join(";", @libpaths).";".$ENV{PATH} if $^O eq 'MSWin32';
        my $rv = $args{debug} ? system(@sys_cmd) : _quiet_system(@sys_cmd);
        if ($rv != 0 || ! -f $exefile) {
            push @missing, $lib;
        }
        else {
            chmod 0755, $exefile;
            my $absexefile = File::Spec->rel2abs($exefile);
            $absexefile = '"'.$absexefile.'"' if $absexefile =~ m/\s/;
            warn "# Execute($execute): $absexefile\n" if $args{debug};
            if ($execute) {
                my $retval = system($absexefile);
                warn "# return value: $retval\n" if $args{debug};
                push @wrongresult, $lib if $retval != 0;
            }
            push @wronganalysis, $lib
                if $analyze_binary and !$analyze_binary->($lib, $exefile);
        }
        _cleanup_exe($exefile);
    }
    unlink $cfile;

    my $miss_string = join( q{, }, map qq{'$_'}, @missing );
    die("Can't link/include C library $miss_string, aborting.\n") if @missing;
    my $wrong_string = join( q{, }, map qq{'$_'}, @wrongresult);
    die("wrong result: $wrong_string\n") if @wrongresult;
    my $analysis_string = join(q{, }, map qq{'$_'}, @wronganalysis );
    die("wrong analysis: $analysis_string") if @wronganalysis;
}

sub _cleanup_exe {
    my ($exefile) = @_;
    my $ofile = $exefile;
    $ofile =~ s/$Config{_exe}$/$Config{_o}/;
    # List of files to remove
    my @rmfiles;
    push @rmfiles, $exefile, $ofile, "$exefile\.manifest";
    if ( $Config{cc} eq 'cl' ) {
        # MSVC also creates foo.ilk and foo.pdb
        my $ilkfile = $exefile;
        $ilkfile =~ s/$Config{_exe}$/.ilk/;
        my $pdbfile = $exefile;
        $pdbfile =~ s/$Config{_exe}$/.pdb/;
	push @rmfiles, $ilkfile, $pdbfile;
    }
    foreach (grep -f, @rmfiles) {
	unlink $_ or warn "Could not remove $_: $!";
    }
    return
}

# return ($cc, $ld)
# where $cc is an array ref of compiler name, compiler flags
# where $ld is an array ref of linker flags
sub _findcc {
    my ($debug, $user_ccflags, $user_ldflags) = @_;
    # Need to use $keep=1 to work with MSWin32 backslashes and quotes
    my $Config_ccflags =  $Config{ccflags};  # use copy so ASPerl will compile
    $Config_ccflags =~ s:-O\S*::; # stop GCC optimising away test code
    my @Config_ldflags = ();
    for my $config_val ( @Config{qw(ldflags)} ){
        push @Config_ldflags, $config_val if ( $config_val =~ /\S/ );
    }
    my @ccflags = grep { length } _parsewords($Config_ccflags||'', $user_ccflags||'');
    my @ldflags = grep { length && $_ !~ m/^-Wl/ } _parsewords(@Config_ldflags, $user_ldflags||'');
    my @paths = split(/$Config{path_sep}/, $ENV{PATH});
    my @cc = _parsewords($Config{cc});