Affix

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Specify bit widths using the pipe (C<|>) operator within Structs/Unions. Affix handles all masking and shifting.

    # C: typedef struct { uint32_t a : 1; uint32_t b : 3; } Config;
    typedef Config => Struct[ a => UInt32 | 1, b => UInt32 | 3 ];

=head2 Live Views (Zero-Copy Aggregates)

Standard structs and arrays copy data between Perl and C. Live views allow you to directly manipulate C memory through
Perl references.

C<Live[ $type ]> Returns a live, zero-copy view of the memory as defined by C<$type>.

If C<$type> is a C<Struct> or C<Union>, it returns an C<Affix::Live> tied hash. Modifying keys in this hash updates C
memory immediately.

If C<$type> is an C<Array>, it returns an C<Affix::Pointer> object. Modifying elements (e.g. C<< $arr->[0] = 5 >>)
writes directly to memory.

    # Example: Live view of a struct
    my $live = cast( $ptr, Live[ Struct[ x => Int, y => Int ] ] );
    $live->{x} = 42; # Updates C memory

=head3 Unified Access

C<Affix::Pointer> objects for aggregates allow direct field access (C<< $p->{field} >>) without explicit casting.

    affix $lib, 'get_ptr', [] => Pointer[Point];
    my $p = get_ptr();
    say $p->{x};  # Unified access! Reads directly from C memory.
    $p->{y} = 50; # Writes directly to C memory.

=head2 Callbacks & Functions

=over

=item * B<C<< Callback[ [$params] => $ret ] >>>: Defines the signature of a C function pointer. Allows you to pass Perl subroutines into C functions.

    # C: void set_handler( void (*cb)(int) );
    affix $lib, 'set_handler', [ Callback[ [Int] => Void ] ] => Void;

=item * B<C<ThisCall( $cb_or_sig )>>: Helper for C++-style C<__thiscall> callbacks. Prepends a C<Pointer[Void]> (the C<this> pointer) to the signature.

=back

=head2 Variadic Functions (VarArgs)

Affix supports C functions that take a variable number of arguments (e.g., C<printf>, C<ioctl>). When defining a
signature, use the C<VarArgs> token at the end of the argument list.

=head3 Basic Usage

    # C: int printf(const char* format, ...);
    affix libc(), ['printf' => 'my_printf'], [ String, VarArgs ] => Int;

    # Basic types are marshalled automatically based on Perl's internal state
    my_printf("Integer: %d, String: %s\n", 42, "Hello");

=head3 Explicit Type Control with C<coerce()>

In variadic functions, C relies on the caller to pass data in the exact format the function expects. While Affix
attempts to guess the correct C type for Perl scalars, these guesses might not always match the library's expectations
like passing a 64-bit integer where a 32-bit one is expected, or a float instead of a double.

Use C<coerce( $type, $value )> to explicitly tell Affix how to marshal a variadic argument.

    # Suppose we have a variadic log function that expects specific bit-widths
    # C: void custom_log(int level, ...);
    affix $lib, 'custom_log', [ Int, VarArgs ] => Void;

    custom_log(
        1,
        coerce(Short, 10),    # Explicitly pass as a 16-bit signed int
        coerce(Float, 1.5),    # Explicitly pass as a 32-bit float
        coerce(ULong, 1000)    # Explicitly pass as a platform-native unsigned long
    );

Note: Standard C default argument promotions still apply. For example, passing a C<Float> to a variadic function will
typically be promoted to a C<Double> by the C runtime unless the receiving function specifically handles raw floats.

=head2 Enumerations

    # C: enum Status { OK = 0, ERROR = 1, FLAG_A = 1<<0, FLAG_B = 1<<1 };
    typedef Status => Enum[
        [ OK => 0 ],
        'ERROR',                    # Auto-increments to 1
        [ FLAG_A => 1 << 0 ],       # Bit shifting
        [ FLAG_B => '1 << 1' ]      # String expression
    ];

=over

=item * B<Constants:> C<typedef> installs constants (e.g., C<OK() == 0>) into your package.

=item * B<Dualvars:> Values returned from C act as dualvars. They print as strings (C<"OK">) but evaluate mathematically as integers (C<0>).

=item * B<String Marshalling:> You can pass the string name of an element (C<"OK">) directly to functions that expect
that enum type.

=item * B<Aliases:> You can also use C<IntEnum[ ... ]>, C<CharEnum[ ... ]>, and C<UIntEnum[ ... ]> to force the underlying integer size.

=back

=head2 SIMD Vectors

Vectors are first-class types. You can interact with them using standard B<ArrayRefs> (convenient) or B<Packed Strings>
(high-performance, zero-overhead).

=over

=item * B<C<Vector[ $size, $type ]>>: Create a custom vector (e.g., C<Vector[ 4, Float ]>).

=item * B<Aliases>: C<M256>, C<M256d>, C<M512>, C<M512d>, C<M512i>.

=back

    # C: __m256 add_vecs(__m256 a, __m256 b);
    affix $lib, 'add_vecs', [ M256, M256 ] => M256;
    my $v1 = pack('f8', 1..8);
    my $v2 = pack('f8', 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80);
    my $packed_res = add_vecs( $v1, $v2 );



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