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    if (my $context = $payload->{requestContext}) {
        if ($context->{elb}) {
            # Application Load Balancer https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/application/lambda-functions.html
            return $self->_format_input_v1($payload, $ctx);
        }
    }
    if (my $version = $payload->{version}) {
        if ($version =~ /^1[.]/) {
            # API Gateway for REST https://docs.aws.amazon.com/apigateway/latest/developerguide/set-up-lambda-proxy-integrations.html
            return $self->_format_input_v1($payload, $ctx);
        }
        if ($version =~ /^2[.]/) {
            # API Gateway for HTTP https://docs.aws.amazon.com/apigateway/latest/developerguide/http-api-develop-integrations-lambda.html
            return $self->_format_input_v2($payload, $ctx);
        }
    }
    return $self->_format_input_v1($payload, $ctx);
}

sub _format_input_v1 {
    my ($self, $payload, $ctx) = @_;
    my $env = {};

    # merge queryStringParameters and multiValueQueryStringParameters
    my $query = {
        %{$payload->{queryStringParameters} // {}},
        %{$payload->{multiValueQueryStringParameters} // {}},
    };
    my @params;
    while (my ($key, $value) = each %$query) {
        if (ref($value) eq 'ARRAY') {
            for my $v (@$value) {
                push @params, "$key=$v";
            }
        } else {
            push @params, "$key=$value";
        }
    }
    $env->{QUERY_STRING} = join '&', @params;

    # merge headers and multiValueHeaders
    my $headers = {
        %{$payload->{headers} // {}},
        %{$payload->{multiValueHeaders} // {}},
    };
    while (my ($key, $value) = each %$headers) {
        $key =~ s/-/_/g;
        $key = uc $key;
        if ($key !~ /^(?:CONTENT_LENGTH|CONTENT_TYPE)$/) {
            $key = "HTTP_$key";
        }
        if (ref $value eq "ARRAY") {
            $value = join ", ", @$value;
        }
        $env->{$key} = $value;
    }

    $env->{'psgi.version'}      = [1, 1];
    $env->{'psgi.errors'}       = *STDERR;
    $env->{'psgi.run_once'}     = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgi.multithread'}  = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgi.multiprocess'} = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgi.streaming'}    = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgi.nonblocking'}  = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgix.harakiri'}    = Plack::Util::TRUE;
    $env->{'psgix.input.buffered'} = Plack::Util::TRUE;

    # inject the request id that compatible with Plack::Middleware::RequestId
    if ($ctx) {
        $env->{'psgix.request_id'} = $ctx->aws_request_id;
        $env->{'HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID'} = $ctx->aws_request_id;
    }

    my $body = encode_utf8($payload->{body} // '');
    if ($payload->{isBase64Encoded}) {
        $body = decode_base64 $body;
    }
    open my $input, "<", \$body;
    $env->{REQUEST_METHOD} = $payload->{httpMethod};
    $env->{'psgi.input'} = $input;
    $env->{CONTENT_LENGTH} //= bytes::length($body);
    $env->{REQUEST_URI} = $payload->{path};
    if ($env->{QUERY_STRING}) {
        $env->{REQUEST_URI} .= '?' . $env->{QUERY_STRING};
    }
    $env->{PATH_INFO} = URI::Escape::uri_unescape($payload->{path});

    $env->{SCRIPT_NAME} = '';
    my $requestContext = $payload->{requestContext};
    if ($requestContext) {
        my $path = $requestContext->{path};
        my $stage = $requestContext->{stage};
        if ($stage && $path && $path ne $payload->{path}) {
            $env->{SCRIPT_NAME} = "/$stage";
        }
    }

    return $env;
}

sub _format_input_v2 {
    my ($self, $payload, $ctx) = @_;
    my $env = {};

    $env->{QUERY_STRING} = $payload->{rawQueryString};

    my $headers = $payload->{headers} // {};
    while (my ($key, $value) = each %$headers) {
        $key =~ s/-/_/g;
        $key = uc $key;
        if ($key !~ /^(?:CONTENT_LENGTH|CONTENT_TYPE)$/) {
            $key = "HTTP_$key";
        }
        $env->{$key} = $value;
    }

    $env->{'psgi.version'}      = [1, 1];
    $env->{'psgi.errors'}       = *STDERR;
    $env->{'psgi.run_once'}     = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgi.multithread'}  = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgi.multiprocess'} = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgi.streaming'}    = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgi.nonblocking'}  = Plack::Util::FALSE;
    $env->{'psgix.harakiri'}    = Plack::Util::TRUE;
    $env->{'psgix.input.buffered'} = Plack::Util::TRUE;

    # inject the request id that compatible with Plack::Middleware::RequestId
    if ($ctx) {
        $env->{'psgix.request_id'} = $ctx->aws_request_id;
        $env->{'HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID'} = $ctx->aws_request_id;
    }

    my $body = encode_utf8($payload->{body} // '');
    if ($payload->{isBase64Encoded}) {
        $body = decode_base64 $body;
    }
    open my $input, "<", \$body;
    $env->{'psgi.input'} = $input;
    $env->{CONTENT_LENGTH} //= bytes::length($body);
    my $requestContext = $payload->{requestContext};
    $env->{REQUEST_METHOD} = $requestContext->{http}{method};
    $env->{REQUEST_URI} = $payload->{rawPath};
    if ($env->{QUERY_STRING}) {
        $env->{REQUEST_URI} .= '?' . $env->{QUERY_STRING};
    }
    $env->{PATH_INFO} = $requestContext->{http}{path};
    $env->{SCRIPT_NAME} = '';
    return $env;
}

sub format_output {
    my ($self, $response) = @_;
    my ($status, $headers, $body) = @$response;

    my $singleValueHeaders = {};
    my $multiValueHeaders = {};
    Plack::Util::header_iter($headers, sub {
        my ($k, $v) = @_;
        $singleValueHeaders->{lc $k} = string $v;
        push @{$multiValueHeaders->{lc $k} //= []}, string $v;
    });

    my $content = '';
    if (reftype($body) eq 'ARRAY') {
        $content = join '', grep defined, @$body;
    } else {
        local $/ = \4096;
        while (defined(my $buf = $body->getline)) {
            $content .= $buf;
        }
        $body->close;
    }

    my $type = $singleValueHeaders->{'content-type'} // 'application/octet-stream';
    my $isBase64Encoded = $type !~ m(^text/.*|application/(:?json|javascript|xml))i;
    if ($isBase64Encoded) {
        $content = encode_base64 $content, '';
    } else {
        $content = try {
            # is valid utf-8 string? try to decode as utf-8.