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=head3 Get a session variable

  my $foo = $Session->{foo};

=head3 $Session->save()

Called automatically at the end of every successful request, causes any changes
to the C<$Session> to be saved to the database.

=head3 $Session->reset()

Call C<< $Session->reset() >> to clear all the data out of the session and save 
it to the database.

=head2 $Config

The ASP4 C<$Config> object is stored in a simple JSON format on disk, and accessible
everywhere within your entire ASP4 application as the global C<$Config> object.

If ever you find yourself in a place without a C<$Config> object, you can get one
like this:

  use ASP4::ConfigLoader;
  my $Config = ASP4::ConfigLoader->load();

See L<ASP4::Config> for full details on the ASP4 C<$Config> object and its usage.

=head2 $Stash

The C<$Stash> is a simple hashref that is guaranteed to be the exact same hashref
throughout the entire lifetime of a request.

Anything placed within the C<$Stash> at the very beginning of processing a request -
such as in a RequestFilter - will still be there at the very end of the request -
as in a RegisterCleanup handler.

Use the C<$Stash> as a great place to store a piece of data for the duration of
a single request.

=head1 DATABASE

While ASP4 B<does not require> its users to choose any specific database (eg: MySQL or PostgreSQL)
or ORM (object-relational mapper) the B<recommended> ORM is L<Class::DBI::Lite>
since it has been completely and thoroughly tested to be 100% compatible with ASP4.

For full documentation about L<Class::DBI::Lite> please view its documentation.

B<NOTE:> L<Class::DBI::Lite> must be installed in addition to ASP4 as it is a separate library.

=head1 ASP4 QuickStart

Here is an example project to get things going.

In the C<data_connections.main> section of C<conf/asp4-config.json> you should have
something like this:

  ...
    "main": {
      "dsn":              "DBI:mysql:database_name:data.mywebsite.com",
      "username":         "db-username",
      "password":         "db-pAsswOrd"
    }
  ...

Suppose you had the following tables in your database:

  create table users (
    user_id     bigint unsigned not null primary key auto_increment,
    email       varchar(200) not null,
    password    char(32) not null,
    created_on  timestamp not null default current_timestamp,
    unique(email)
  ) engine=innodb charset=utf8;
  
  create table messages (
    message_id    bigint unsigned not null primary key auto_increment,
    from_user_id  bigint unsigned not null,
    to_user_id    bigint unsigned not null,
    subject       varchar(100) not null,
    body          text,
    created_on    timestamp not null default current_timestamp,
    foreign key fk_messages_to_senders (from_user_id) references users (user_id) on delete cascade,
    foreign key fk_messages_to_recipients (to_user_id) references users (user_id) on delete cascade
  ) engine=innodb charset=utf8;

B<NOTE:> It's best to assign every ASP4 application its own namespace.  For this
example the namespace is C<App::db::>

Create the file C<lib/App::db/model.pm> and add the following lines:

  package App::db::model;
  
  use strict;
  use warnings 'all';
  use base 'Class::DBI::Lite::mysql';
  use ASP4::ConfigLoader;
  
  # Get our configuration object:
  my $Config = ASP4::ConfigLoader->load();
  
  # Get our main database connection info:
  my $conn = $Config->data_connections->main;
  
  # Setup our database connection:
  __PACKAGE__->connection(
    $conn->dsn,
    $conn->username,
    $conn->password
  );
  
  1;# return true:

Add the following C<Class::DBI::Lite> entity classes:

C<lib/App/db/user.pm>

  package App::db::user;
  
  use strict;
  use warnings 'all';
  use base 'App::db::model';
  use Digest::MD5 'md5_hex';
  use ASP4::ConfigLoader;
  
  __PACKAGE__->set_up_table('users');
  
  __PACKAGE__->has_many(
    messages_in =>
      'App::db::message'  =>
        'to_user_id'
  );
  
  __PACKAGE__->has_many(
    messages_out  =>
      'App::db::message'  =>
        'from_user_id'
  );
  
  # Hash the password before storing it in the database:
  __PACKAGE__->add_trigger( before_create => sub {
    my ($self) = @_;
    
    # Sign the password instead of storing it as plaintext:
    unless( $self->{password} =~ m{^([a-f0-9]{32})$}i ) {
      $self->{password} = $self->hash_password( $self->password );
    }
  });
  
  # Hash the new password before storing it in the database:
  __PACKAGE__->add_trigger( before_update_password => sub {
    my ($self, $old, $new) = @_;
    
    unless( $new =~ m{^([a-f0-9]{32})$}i ) {
      $self->{password} = $self->hash_password( $new );
    }
  });
  
  # Verify an email/password combination and return the user if a match is found:
  sub check_credentials {
    my ($self, %args) = @_;
    
    my ($result) = $self->search(
      email     => $args{email},
      password  => $self->hash_password( $args{password} ),
    );
    
    $result ? return $result : return;
  }
  
  # Convert a password string into its hashed value:
  sub hash_password {
    my ($self, $str) = @_;
    
    my $key = ASP4::ConfigLoader->load->system->settings->signing_key;
    return md5_hex( $str . $key );
  }
  
  1;# return true:

C<lib/App/db/message.pm>

  package App::db::message;
  
  use strict;
  use warnings 'all';
  use base 'App::db::model';
  
  __PACKAGE__->set_up_table('messages');
  
  __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(
    sender  =>
      'App::db::user' =>
        'from_user_id'
  );
  
  __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(
    recipient =>
      'App::db::user' =>
        'to_user_id'
  );
  
  1;# return true:

Create your MasterPage like this:

File: C<htdocs/masters/global.asp>

  <%@ MasterPage %>
  <!DOCTYPE html>
  <html>
    <head>
      <title><asp:ContentPlaceHolder id="meta_title"></asp:ContentPlaceHolder></title>
      <meta charset="utf-8" />
    </head>
    <body>
      <h1><asp:ContentPlaceHolder id="headline"></asp:ContentPlaceHolder></h1>
      <asp:ContentPlaceHolder id="main_content"></asp:ContentPlaceHolder>
    </body>
  </html>

File: C<htdocs/index.asp>

  <%@ Page UseMasterPage="/masters/global.asp" %>
  
  <asp:Content PlaceHolderID="meta_title">Register</asp:Content>
  
  <asp:Content PlaceHolderID="headline">Register</asp:Content>
  
  <asp:Content PlaceHolderID="main_content">
  <%
    # Sticky forms work like this:
    if( my $args = $Session->{__lastArgs} ) {
      map { $Form->{$_} = $args->{$_} } keys %$args;
    }
    
    # Our validation errors:
    my $errors = $Session->{validation_errors} || { };
    $::err = sub {
      my $field = shift;
      my $error = $errors->{$field} or return;
      %><span class="field_error"><%= $Server->HTMLEncode( $error ) %></span><%
    };
  %>
  <form id="register_form" method="post" action="/handlers/myapp.register">
    <p>
      <label>Email:</label>
      <input type="text" name="email" value="<%= $Server->HTMLEncode( $Form->{email} ) %>" />
      <% $::err->("email"); %>
    </p>
    <p>
      <label>Password:</label>
      <input type="password" name="password" />
      <% $::err->("password"); %>
    </p>
    <p>
      <label>Confirm Password:</label>
      <input type="password" name="password2" />
      <% $::err->("password2"); %>
    </p>
    <p>
      <input type="submit" value="Register Now" />
    </p>
  </form>
  </asp:Content>

The form submits to the URL C</handlers/app.register> which means C<handlers/app/register.pm>

File: C<handlers/app/register.pm>

  package app::register;
  
  use strict;
  use warnings 'all';
  use base 'ASP4::FormHandler';
  use vars __PACKAGE__->VARS; # Import $Response, $Form, $Session, etc
  use App::db::user;
  
  sub run {
    my ($self, $context) = @_;
    
    # If there is an error, return the user to the registration page:
    if( my $errors = $self->validate() ) {
      $Session->{validation_errors} = $errors;
      $Session->{__lastArgs} = $Form;
      $Session->save;
      return $Response->Redirect( $ENV{HTTP_REFERER} );
    }
    
    # Create the user:
    my $user = eval {
      App::db::user->do_transaction(sub {
        return App::db::user->create(
          email     => $Form->{email},
          password  => $Form->{password},
        );
      });
    };
    
    if( $@ ) {
      # There was an error:
      $Session->{validation_errors} = {email => "Server error.  Sorry!"};
      $Session->{__lastArgs} = $Form;
      $Session->save;
      return $Response->Redirect( $ENV{HTTP_REFERER} );
    }
    else {
      # No error - Sign them in:
      $Session->{user_id} = $user->id;
      $Session->{msg} = "Thank you for registering!";
      $Session->save;
      
      # Redirect to /profile.asp:
    return $Response->Redirect("/profile.asp");
    }# end if()
  }
  
  sub validate {
    my ($self) = @_;
    
    $self->trim_form;
    
    my $errors = { };
    no warnings 'uninitialized';
    
    # email:
    if( length($Form->{email}) ) {
      # Basic email validation:
      unless( $Form->{email} =~ m{[^@]+@[^@]+\.[^@]+} ) {
        $errors->{email} = "Invalid email address";
      }
    }
    else {
      $errors->{email} = "Required";
    }
    
    # password:
    unless( length($Form->{password} ) {
      $errors->{password} = "Required";
    }
    
    # password2:
    if( length($Form->{password2}) ) {
      if( length($Form->{password}) ) {
        unless( $Form->{password} eq $Form->{password2} ) {
          $errors->{password2} = "Passwords don't match";
        }
      }
    }
    else {
      $errors->{password2} = "Required";
    }
    
    # Bail out of we already have errors:
    return $errors if keys %$errors;
    
    # See if the user already exists:
    if( App::db::user->count_search( email => $Form->{email} ) ) {
      $errors->{email} = "Already in use";
    }
    
    # Errors or not?:
    keys %$errors ? return $errors : return;
  }
  
  1;# return true:

File: C<htdocs/profile.asp>

  <%@ Page UseMasterPage="/masters/global.asp" %>
  
  <asp:Content PlaceHolderID="meta_title">My Profile</asp:Content>
  
  <asp:Content PlaceHolderID="headline">My Profile</asp:Content>
  
  <asp:Content PlaceHolderID="main_content">
  <%
    if( my $msg = $Session->{msg} ) {
  %>
    <div class="message"><%= $msg %></div>
  <%
    }# end if()
  %>
  
  <%
    # Get our $user:
    use App::db::user;
    my $user = App::db::user->retrieve( $Session->{user_id} );
  %>
  
  <div style="float: left; width: 40%; border-right: solid 1px #000;">
    <h3>Incoming Messages</h3>
  <%
    foreach my $msg ( $user->messages_in(undef, { order_by => "created_on ASC"} ) ) {
  %>
    <div class="msg">
      <span class="from"><%= $msg->sender->email %></span> says:<br/>
      <div class="body"><%= $Server->HTMLEncode( $msg->body ) %></div>
      <span class="date"><%= $msg->created_on %></span>
    </div>
  <%
    }# end foreach()
  %>
  </div>
  
  <div style="float: right; width: 40%; border: dotted 1px #000;">
    <h3>Send New Message</h3>
    <form id="send_form" method="post" action="/handlers/app.send">
      <p>
        <label>Recipient:</label>
        <select name="to_user_id">