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#---------- BEGIN GLOBAL PARAMETERS ------------

#-#-# search parameters #-#-#
my $numParticles  = 'null';            # This is the number of particles that actually search the problem hyperspace
my $numNeighbors  = 'null';            # This is the number of neighboring particles that each particle shares information with
                                       # which must obviously be less than the number of particles and greater than 0.
                                         # TODO: write code to preconstruct different topologies.  Such as fully connected, ring, star etc.
                                         #       Currently, neighbors are chosen by a simple hash function.  
                                         #       It would be fun (no theoretical benefit that I know of) to play with different topologies.
my $maxIterations = 'null';            # This is the maximum number of optimization iterations before exiting if the fitness goal is never reached.
my $exitFitness   = 'null';            # this is the exit criteria.  It must be a value between 0 and 1.
my $dimensions    = 'null';            # this is the number of variables the user is optimizing


#-#-# pso position parameters #-#-#
my $deltaMin       = 'null';           # This is the minimum scalar position change value when searching
my $deltaMax       = 'null';           # This is the maximum scalar position change value when searching

#-#-# my 'how much do I trust myself verses my neighbors' parameters #-#-#
my $meWeight   = 'null';               # 'individuality' weighting constant (higher weight (than group) means trust individual more, neighbors less)
my $meMin      = 'null';               # 'individuality' minimum random weight (this should really be between 0, 1)
my $meMax      = 'null';               # 'individuality' maximum random weight (this should really be between 0, 1)
my $themWeight = 'null';               # 'social' weighting constant (higher weight (than individual) means trust group more, self less)
my $themMin    = 'null';               # 'social' minimum random weight (this should really be between 0, 1)
my $themMax    = 'null';               # 'social' maximum random weight (this should really be between 0, 1)

my $psoRandomRange = 'null';           # PSO::.86 new variable to support original unmodified algorithm
my $useModifiedAlgorithm = 'null';

#-#-# user/debug parameters #-#-#
my $verbose    = 0;                    # This one defaults for obvious reasons...

#NOTE: $meWeight and $themWeight should really add up to a constant value.  
#      Swarm Intelligence defines a 'pso random range' constant and then computes two random numbers
#      within this range by first getting a random number and then subtracting it from the range.
#      e.g. 
#           $randomRange = 4.0
#           $meWeight   = random(0, $randomRange);
#           $themWeight = $randomRange - $meWeight.
#
#

#----------   END  GLOBAL PARAMETERS ------------

#---------- BEGIN GLOBAL DATA STRUCTURES --------
#
# a particle is a hash of arrays of positions and velocities:
#
# The position of a particle in the problem hyperspace is defined by the values in the position array...
# You can think of each array value as being a dimension,
# so in N-dimensional hyperspace, the size of the position vector is N
# 
# A particle updates its position according the Euler integration equation for physical motion:
#   Xi(t) = Xi(t-1) + Vi(t)
#   The velocity portion of this contains the stochastic elements of PSO and is defined as:
#   Vi(t) = Vi(t-1)  +  P1*[pi - Xi(t-1)]  +  P2*[pg - Xi(t-1)]
#   where P1 and P2 add are two random values who's sum adds up to the PSO random range (4.0)
#   and pi is the individual's best location
#   and pg is the global (or neighborhoods) best position
#
#   The velocity vector is obviously updated before the position vector...
#
#
my @particles = ();
my $user_fitness_function;
my @solution = ();
#----------   END GLOBAL DATA STRUCTURES --------


#---------- BEGIN EXPORTED SUBROUTINES ----------

#
# pso_set_params
#  - sets the global module parameters from the hash passed in
#
sub pso_set_params(%) {
    my (%params) = %{$_[0]};
    my $retval = 0;

    #no strict 'refs';
    #foreach my $key (keys(%params)) {
    #    $$key = $params{$key};
    #}
    #use strict 'refs';

    $numParticles   = defined($params{numParticles})   ? $params{numParticles}   : 'null';
    $numNeighbors   = defined($params{numNeighbors})   ? $params{numNeighbors}   : 'null';
    $maxIterations  = defined($params{maxIterations})  ? $params{maxIterations}  : 'null';
    $dimensions     = defined($params{dimensions})     ? $params{dimensions}     : 'null';
    $exitFitness    = defined($params{exitFitness})    ? $params{exitFitness}    : 'null';
    $deltaMin       = defined($params{deltaMin})       ? $params{deltaMin}       : 'null';
    $deltaMax       = defined($params{deltaMax})       ? $params{deltaMax}       : 'null';
    $meWeight       = defined($params{meWeight})       ? $params{meWeight}       : 'null';
    $meMin          = defined($params{meMin})          ? $params{meMin}          : 'null';
    $meMax          = defined($params{meMax})          ? $params{meMax}          : 'null';
    $themWeight     = defined($params{themWeight})     ? $params{themWeight}     : 'null';
    $themMin        = defined($params{themMin})        ? $params{themMin}        : 'null';
    $themMax        = defined($params{themMax})        ? $params{themMax}        : 'null';

    $psoRandomRange = defined($params{psoRandomRange}) ? $params{psoRandomRange} : 'null';

    $verbose        = defined($params{verbose})        ? $params{verbose}        : $verbose;

    my $param_string;
	if($psoRandomRange =~ m/null/) {
		$param_string =  "$numParticles:$numNeighbors:$maxIterations:$dimensions:$exitFitness:$deltaMin:$deltaMax:$meWeight:$meMin:$meMax:$themWeight:$themMin:$themMax";
	} else {
		$param_string =  "$numParticles:$numNeighbors:$maxIterations:$dimensions:$exitFitness:$deltaMin:$deltaMax:$psoRandomRange";
	}
    
    $retval = 1 if($param_string =~ m/null/);

    return $retval;
}


#
# pso_register_fitness_function
#  - sets the user-defined callback fitness function
#
sub pso_register_fitness_function($) {
    my ($func) = @_;
    $user_fitness_function = new Callback(\&{"main::$func"});
    return 0;
}


#
# pso_optimize
#  - runs the particle swarm optimization algorithm
#
sub pso_optimize() {
	&init();
    return &swarm();
}

#
# pso_get_solution_array
#  - returns the array of parameters corresponding to the best solution so far
sub pso_get_solution_array() {
	return @solution;
}


#----------  END  EXPORTED SUBROUTINES ----------



#--------- BEGIN INTERNAL SUBROUTINES -----------

#
# init
#   - initializes global variables
#   - initializes particle data structures
#
sub init() {
	if($psoRandomRange =~ m/null/) {
		$useModifiedAlgorithm = 1;
	} else {
		$useModifiedAlgorithm = 0;
	}
	&initialize_particles();
}

#
# initialize_particles
#    - sets up internal data structures
#    - initializes particle positions and velocities with an element of randomness
#
sub initialize_particles() {
    for(my $p = 0; $p < $numParticles; $p++) {
        $particles[$p]           = {};  # each particle is a hash of arrays with the array sizes being the dimensionality of the problem space
        $particles[$p]{nextPos}  = [];  # nextPos is the array of positions to move to on the next positional update
        $particles[$p]{bestPos}  = [];  # bestPos is the position of that has yielded the best fitness for this particle (it gets updated when a better fitness is found)
        $particles[$p]{currPos}  = [];  # currPos is the current position of this particle in the problem space
        $particles[$p]{velocity} = [];  # velocity ... come on ...

        for(my $d = 0; $d < $dimensions; $d++) {
            $particles[$p]{nextPos}[$d]  = &random($deltaMin, $deltaMax);
            $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d]  = &random($deltaMin, $deltaMax);
            $particles[$p]{bestPos}[$d]  = &random($deltaMin, $deltaMax);
            $particles[$p]{velocity}[$d] = &random($deltaMin, $deltaMax);
        }
    }
}



#
# initialize_neighbors
# NOTE: I made this a separate subroutine so that different topologies of neighbors can be created and used instead of this.
# NOTE: This subroutine is currently not used because we access neighbors by index to the particle array rather than storing their references
# 
#  - adds a neighbor array to the particle hash data structure
#  - sets the neighbor based on the default neighbor hash function
#
sub initialize_neighbors() {
    for(my $p = 0; $p < $numParticles; $p++) {
        for(my $n = 0; $n < $numNeighbors; $n++) {
            $particles[$p]{neighbor}[$n] = $particles[&get_index_of_neighbor($p, $n)];
        }
    }
}


sub dump_particle($) {
    $| = 1;
    my ($index) = @_;
    print STDERR "[particle $index]\n";
    print STDERR "\t[bestPos] ==> " . &compute_fitness(@{$particles[$index]{bestPos}}) . "\n";
    foreach my $pos (@{$particles[$index]{bestPos}}) {
        print STDERR "\t\t$pos\n";
    }
    print STDERR "\t[currPos] ==> " . &compute_fitness(@{$particles[$index]{currPos}}) . "\n";
    foreach my $pos (@{$particles[$index]{currPos}}) {
        print STDERR "\t\t$pos\n";
    }
    print STDERR "\t[nextPos] ==> " . &compute_fitness(@{$particles[$index]{nextPos}}) . "\n";
    foreach my $pos (@{$particles[$index]{nextPos}}) {
        print STDERR "\t\t$pos\n";
    }
    print STDERR "\t[velocity]\n";
    foreach my $pos (@{$particles[$index]{velocity}}) {
        print STDERR "\t\t$pos\n";
    }
}

#
# swarm 
#  - runs the particle swarm algorithm
#
sub swarm() {
    for(my $iter = 0; $iter < $maxIterations; $iter++) { 
        for(my $p = 0; $p < $numParticles; $p++) { 

            ## update position
            for(my $d = 0; $d < $dimensions; $d++) {
                $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d] = $particles[$p]{nextPos}[$d];
            }

            ## test _current_ fitness of position
            my $fitness = &compute_fitness(@{$particles[$p]{currPos}});
            # if this position in hyperspace is the best so far...
            if($fitness > &compute_fitness(@{$particles[$p]{bestPos}})) {
                # for each dimension, set the best position as the current position
                for(my $d2 = 0; $d2 < $dimensions; $d2++) {
                    $particles[$p]{bestPos}[$d2] = $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d2];
                }
            }

            ## check for exit criteria
            if($fitness >= $exitFitness) {
                #...write solution
                print "Y:$iter:$p:$fitness\n";
                &save_solution(@{$particles[$p]{bestPos}});
                &dump_particle($p);
                return 0;
            } else {
	    	if($verbose == 1) {
			print "N:$iter:$p:$fitness\n"
		}
		if($verbose == 2) {
			&dump_particle($p);
		}
            }
        }

        ## at this point we've updated our position, but haven't reached the end of the search
        ## so we turn to our neighbors for help.
        ## (we see if they are doing any better than we are, 
        ##  and if so, we try to fly over closer to their position)

        for(my $p = 0; $p < $numParticles; $p++) {
            my $n = &get_index_of_best_fit_neighbor($p);
            my @meDelta = ();       # array of self position updates
            my @themDelta = ();     # array of neighbor position updates
            for(my $d = 0; $d < $dimensions; $d++) {
				if($useModifiedAlgorithm) { # this if shold be moved out much further, but i'm working on code refactoring first
					my $meFactor = $meWeight * &random($meMin, $meMax);
					my $themFactor = $themWeight * &random($themMin, $themMax);
					$meDelta[$d] = $particles[$p]{bestPos}[$d] - $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d];
					$themDelta[$d] = $particles[$n]{bestPos}[$d] - $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d];
					my $delta = ($meFactor * $meDelta[$d]) + ($themFactor * $themDelta[$d]);
					$delta += $particles[$p]{velocity}[$d];

					# do the PSO position and velocity updates
					$particles[$p]{velocity}[$d] = &clamp_velocity($delta);
					$particles[$p]{nextPos}[$d] = $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d] + $particles[$p]{velocity}[$d];
				} else {
					my $rho1 = &random(0, $psoRandomRange);
					my $rho2 = $psoRandomRange - $rho1;
					$meDelta[$d] = $particles[$p]{bestPos}[$d] - $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d];
					$themDelta[$d] = $particles[$n]{bestPos}[$d] - $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d];
					my $delta = ($rho1 * $meDelta[$d]) + ($rho2 * $themDelta[$d]);
					$delta += $particles[$p]{velocity}[$d];

					# do the PSO position and velocity updates
					$particles[$p]{velocity}[$d] = &clamp_velocity($delta);
					$particles[$p]{nextPos}[$d] = $particles[$p]{currPos}[$d] + $particles[$p]{velocity}[$d];
				}
            }
        }

    }

    #
    # at this point we have exceeded the maximum number of iterations, so let's at least print out the best result so far
    #
    print STDERR "MAX ITERATIONS REACHED WITHOUT MEETING EXIT CRITERION...printing best solution\n";
    my $bestFit = -1;
    my $bestPartIndex = -1;
    for(my $p = 0; $p < $numParticles; $p++) {
    	my $endFit = &compute_fitness(@{$particles[$p]{bestPos}});
	if($endFit >= $bestFit) {
		$bestFit = $endFit;
		$bestPartIndex = $p;
	}
	
    }
    &save_solution(@{$particles[$bestPartIndex]{bestPos}});
    &dump_particle($bestPartIndex);
    return 1;
}

#
# save solution
#   - simply copies the given array into the global solution array
#