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=head2 bisect_left

    https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/2.7/Lib/bisect.py
=cut

sub bisect_left
{
    my ($a, $x, $lo, $hi) = @_;
    $lo //= 0;
    $hi //= @{ $a };
    if($lo < 0)
    {
        Carp::confess('lo must be non-negative');
    }
    while($lo < $hi)
    {
        my $mid = int(($lo+$hi)/2);
        if($a->[$mid] < $x)
        {
            $lo = $mid+1;
        }
        else
        {
            $hi = $mid;
        }
    }
    return $lo;
}

=head2 pdl_shuffle

    Shuffle the pdl by the last dimension

    Parameters
    -----------
    PDL $pdl
    $preshuffle Maybe[ArrayRef[Index]], if defined the array elements are used
    as shuffled last dimension's indexes
=cut


sub pdl_shuffle
{
    my ($pdl, $preshuffle) = @_;
    my $c = $pdl->copy;
    my @shuffle = $preshuffle ? @{ $preshuffle } : shuffle(0..$pdl->dim(-1)-1);
    my $rem = $pdl->ndims-1;
    for my $i (0..$pdl->dim(-1)-1)
    {
        $c->slice(('X')x$rem, $i) .= $pdl->slice(('X')x$rem, $shuffle[$i])
    }
    $c;
}

=head2 assert

    Parameters
    -----------
    Bool $input
    Str  $error_str
    Calls Carp::confess with $error_str//"AssertionError" if the $input is false
=cut

sub assert
{
    my ($input, $error_str) = @_;
    local($Carp::CarpLevel) = 1;
    Carp::confess($error_str//'AssertionError')
        unless $input;
}

=head2 check_call

    Checks the return value of C API call

    This function will raise an exception when error occurs.
    Every API call is wrapped with this function.

    Returns the C API call return values stripped of first return value,
    checks for return context and returns first element in
    the values list when called in scalar context.
=cut

sub check_call
{
    Carp::confess(AI::MXNetCAPI::GetLastError()) if shift;
    return wantarray ? @_ : $_[0];
}

=head2 build_param_doc

    Builds argument docs in python style.

    arg_names : array ref of str
        Argument names.

    arg_types : array ref of str
        Argument type information.

    arg_descs : array ref of str
        Argument description information.

    remove_dup : boolean, optional
        Whether to remove duplication or not.

    Returns
    -------
    docstr : str
        Python docstring of parameter sections.
=cut

sub build_param_doc
{
    my ($arg_names, $arg_types, $arg_descs, $remove_dup) = @_;
    $remove_dup //= 1;
    my %param_keys;
    my @param_str;
    zip(sub { 
            my ($key, $type_info, $desc) = @_;
            return if exists $param_keys{$key} and $remove_dup;
            $param_keys{$key} = 1;
            my $ret = sprintf("%s : %s", $key, $type_info);
            $ret .= "\n    ".$desc if length($desc); 
            push @param_str,  $ret;
        },
        $arg_names, $arg_types, $arg_descs
    );
    return sprintf("Parameters\n----------\n%s\n", join("\n", @param_str));
}

=head2 _notify_shutdown

    Notify MXNet about shutdown.
=cut

sub _notify_shutdown