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OS2. Of course, if this is the root directory, don't cut off the
trailing slash :-)

=cut

sub catdir {
    my $self = shift;

    $self->canonpath(join('/', @_, '')); # '' because need a trailing '/'
}

=item catfile

Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a
complete path ending with a filename

=cut

sub catfile {
    my $self = shift;
    my $file = $self->canonpath(pop @_);
    return $file unless @_;
    my $dir = $self->catdir(@_);
    $dir .= "/" unless substr($dir,-1) eq "/";
    return $dir.$file;
}

=item curdir

Returns a string representation of the current directory.  "." on UNIX.

=cut

sub curdir () { '.' }

=item devnull

Returns a string representation of the null device. "/dev/null" on UNIX.

=cut

sub devnull () { '/dev/null' }

=item rootdir

Returns a string representation of the root directory.  "/" on UNIX.

=cut

sub rootdir () { '/' }

=item tmpdir

Returns a string representation of the first writable directory from
the following list or the current directory if none from the list are
writable:

    $ENV{TMPDIR}
    /tmp

Since perl 5.8.0, if running under taint mode, and if $ENV{TMPDIR}
is tainted, it is not used.

=cut

my $tmpdir;
sub _tmpdir {
    return $tmpdir if defined $tmpdir;
    my $self = shift;
    my @dirlist = @_;
    {
	no strict 'refs';
	if (${"\cTAINT"}) { # Check for taint mode on perl >= 5.8.0
            require Scalar::Util;
	    @dirlist = grep { ! Scalar::Util::tainted($_) } @dirlist;
	}
    }
    foreach (@dirlist) {
	next unless defined && -d && -w _;
	$tmpdir = $_;
	last;
    }
    $tmpdir = $self->curdir unless defined $tmpdir;
    $tmpdir = defined $tmpdir && $self->canonpath($tmpdir);
    return $tmpdir;
}

sub tmpdir {
    return $tmpdir if defined $tmpdir;
    my $self = shift;
    $tmpdir = $self->_tmpdir( $ENV{TMPDIR}, "/tmp" );
}

=item updir

Returns a string representation of the parent directory.  ".." on UNIX.

=cut

sub updir () { '..' }

=item no_upwards

Given a list of file names, strip out those that refer to a parent
directory. (Does not strip symlinks, only '.', '..', and equivalents.)

=cut

sub no_upwards {
    my $self = shift;
    return grep(!/^\.{1,2}\Z(?!\n)/s, @_);
}

=item case_tolerant

Returns a true or false value indicating, respectively, that alphabetic
is not or is significant when comparing file specifications.

=cut

sub case_tolerant () { 0 }

=item file_name_is_absolute

Takes as argument a path and returns true if it is an absolute path.

This does not consult the local filesystem on Unix, Win32, OS/2 or Mac 
OS (Classic).  It does consult the working environment for VMS (see
L<File::Spec::VMS/file_name_is_absolute>).

=cut

sub file_name_is_absolute {
    my ($self,$file) = @_;
    return scalar($file =~ m:^/:s);