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assignment => Requirement in a protection profile taken directly as stated, without change, from the list of components or derived by placing a bound on a threshold definition. Note: The assignment of environment-specific requirements to generic comp...
assurance => the confidence that may be held in the security provided by a Target of Evaluation.
assurance level => In evaluation criteria, a specific level on a hierarchical scale representing successively increased confidence that a TOE adequately fulfills the security requirements.
attack => The act of trying to bypass security controls on a system.  An attack may be active, resulting in the alteration of data; or passive, resulting in the release of data.  Note: The fact that an attack is made does not necessarily mean that it...
audit => Independent review and examination of records and activities to determine compliance with established usage policies and to detect possible inadequacies in product technical security policies of their enforcement.
audit trail => A chronological record of system activities that is sufficient to enable the reconstruction, reviewing, and examination of the sequence of environments and activities surrounding or leading to an operation, a procedure, or an event in ...
augmentation => The addition of one or more assurance component(s) to an assurance
authenticate => (1) To verify the identity of a user, device, or other entity in a computer system, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to resources in a system. (2) To verify the integrity of data that have been stored, transmitted, or otherw...
authentication => (1) To establish the validity of a claimed identity. (2) To provide protection against fraudulent transactions by establishing the validity of message, station, individual, or originator.
authenticator => The means used to confirm the identity or to verify the eligibility of a station, originator, or individual.
authorised user => A user who has a specific right or permission to do something described in the TSP.
authorization => The granting of access rights to a user, program, or process.
authorized - Entitled to a specific mode of access.
AIS => Automated Information System - Any equipment or interconnected systems or subsystems of equipment that is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipula- tion, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission ...
ADP => Automated Data Processing - Synonymous with automated information systems security.
availability => The prevention of the unauthorised withholding of information or resources.
back door => Synonymous with trap door. 
backup plan => Synonymous with contingency plan.
bandwidth => Rate at which information is transmitted through a channel=2E (See channel capacity)  Note: Bandwidth is originally a term used in analog communication, measured in Hertz, and related to information rate by the "sampling theorem" (genera...
basic component => a component that is identifiable at the lowest hierarchical level of specification produced during Detailed Design.
bell-La padula model => A formal state transition model of computer security policy that describes a set of access control rules.  In this formal model, the entities in a computer system are divided into abstract sets of subjects and objects. The not...
benign environment => A nonhostile environment that may be protected from external hostile elements by physical, personnel, and procedural security countermeasures.
between-the-lines entry => Unauthorized access obtained by tapping the temporarily inactive terminal of a legitimate user. 
beyond A1 => A level of trust defined by the DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) that is beyond the state-of-the-art technology available at the time the criteria were developed.  It includes all the A1-level features plus additio...
binding of security functionality => The ability of security enforcing functions and mechanisms to work together in a way which is mutually supportive and provides an integrated and effective whole.
bit => Short for binary digit - 0 or 1. Keys are strings of bits.
browsing => The act of searching through storage to locate or acquire information without necessarily knowing of the existence or the format of the information being sought.
call back => A procedure for identifying a remote terminal.  In a call back, the host system disconnects the caller and then dials the authorized telephone number of the remote terminal to reestablish the connection.  Synonymous with dial back.
CTCPEC => Canadian Trusted Computer Product Evaluation Criteria - Canadian secure products criteria.
candidate TCB subset => The identification of the hardware, firmware, and software that make up the proposed TCB subset, along with the identification of its subjects and objects; one of the conditions for evaluation by parts.
capability => A protected identifier that both identifies the object and specifies the access rights to be allowed to the accessor who possesses the capability. In a capability-based system, access to protected objects such as files is granted if the...
category => A restrictive label that has been applied to classified or unclassified data as a means of increasing the protection of the data and further restricting access to the data.
cellular transmission => Data transmission via interchangeable wireless (radio) communications in a network of numerous small geographic cells. Most current technology is analog - represented as electrical levels, not bits. However, the trend is towa...
certification => The technical evaluation of a system's security features, made as part of and in support of the approval/accreditation process, that establishes the extent to which a particular computer system's design and implementation meet a set ...
certification body => an independent and impartial national organisation that performs certification.
channel => An information transfer path within a system.  May also refer to the mechanism by which the path is effected.
channel capacity => Maximum possible error-free rate, measured in bits per second, at which information can be sent along a communications path.
class => A group of related Families which reflects a specific set of security
cleartext => Intelligible data, the semantic content of which is available. Also referred to as plaintext.
closed user group => a closed user group permits users belonging to a group to communicate with each other, but precludes communications with other users who are not members of the group.
closed security environment => An environment in which both of the following conditions hold true: (1) Application developers (including maintainers) have sufficient clearances and authorizations to provide an acceptable presumption that they have no...
CCITS => Common Criteria for Information Technology Security - Evolving international security evaluation criteria being developed by the US, Canada, the UK, Germany, and France.
communication channel => the physical media and devices which provide the means for transmitting information from one component of a network to (one or more) other components.
communication link => the physical means of connecting one location to another for the purpose of transmitting and/or receiving data.
COMSEC => communications security - Measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information derived from telecommunications of the U.S.  Government concerning national security, and to ensure the authenticity of such telecommunicatons. Communications...
compartment => (1) A designation applied to a type of sensitive information, indicating the special handling procedures to be used for the information and the general class of people who may have access to the information. It can refer to the designa...
compartmented security mode => See modes of operation.
component => a device or set of devices, consisting of hardware, along with its firmware, and/or software that performs a specific function on a computer communications network. A component is a part of the larger system, and may itself consist of ot...
component reference monitor => an access control concept that refers to an abstract machine that mediates all access to objects within a component by subjects within the component.
compromise => a violation of the security system such that an unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information may have occurred.
compromising emanations => Unintentional data-related or intelligence-bearing signals that, if intercepted and analyzed, disclose the information transmission received, handled, or otherwise processed by any information processing equipment.  See TEM...
CSTVRP => Computer Security Technical Vulnerability Reporting Program - A program that focuses on technical vulnerabilities in commercially available hardware, firmware and software products acquired by DoD.  CSTVRP provides for the reporting, catalo...
abuse => The misuse, alteration, disruption or destruction of data processing resources.  The key aspect is that it is intentional and improper.
architecture => The set of layers and protocols (including formats and standards that different hardware/software must comply with to achieve stated objectives) which define a computer system. Computer architecture features can be available to applic...
cryptography => The use of a crypto-algorithm in a computer, microprocessor, or microcomputer to perform encryption or decryption in order to protect information or to authenticate users, sources, or information.
fraud => Computer-related crimes involving deliberate misrepresentation, alteration or disclosure of data in order to obtain something of value (usually for monetary gain).  A computer system must have been involved in the perpetration or coverup of ...
security => Synonymous with automated information systems security.
security subsystem => A device designed to provide limited computer security features in a larger system environment.
concealment system => A method of achieving confidentiality in which sensitive information is hidden by embedding it in irrelevant data.
confidentiality => (1) The assurance that information is not disclosed to inappropriate entities or processes. (2) The property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized entities. (3) The prevention of the unauthorized discl...
configuration => the selection of one of the sets of possible combinations of features of a Target of Evaluation.
configuration control => management of changes made to a system's hardware, software, firmware, and documentation throughout the development and operational life of the system.
configuration management => The management of security features and assurances through control of changes made to a system's hardware, software, firmware, documentation, test, test fixtures and test documentation throughout the development and operat...
confinement => The prevention of the leaking of sensitive data from a program.
confinement channel => Synonymous with covert channel.
confinement property => Synonymous with star property (*-property).
connection => a liaison, in the sense of a network interrelationship, between two hosts for a period of time. The liaison is established (by an initiating host) for the purpose of information transfer (with the associated host); the period of time is...
constrained => A qualifier implying: within the TSF Scope of Control
construction => the process of creating a Target of Evaluation.
consumers => Individuals or groups responsible for specifying requirements for IT product security (e.g., policy makers and regulatory officials, system architects, integrators, acquisition managers, product purchasers, and end users.
contamination => The intermixing of data at different sensitivity and need-to-know levels.  The lower level data is said to be contaminated by the higher level data; thus, the contaminating (higher level) data may not receive the required level of pr...
content-dependent access control => Access control in which access is determined by the value of the data to be accessed.
context-dependent access control => Access control in which access is determined by the specific circumstances under which the data is being accessed.
contingency plan => A plan for emergency response, backup operations, and post-disaster recovery maintained by an activity as a part of its security program that will ensure the availability of critical resources and facilitate the continuity of oper...
control objective => Required result of protecting information within an IT product and its immediate environment.
control zone => The space, expressed in feet of radius, surrounding equipment processing sensitive information, that is under sufficient physical and technical control to preclude an unauthorized entry or compromise.
controlled access => See access control.
controlled sharing => The condition that exists when access control is applied to all users and components of a system.
corporate security policy => The set of laws, rules and practices that regulate how assets including sensitive information are managed, protected and distributed within a user organisation.
correctness => In security evaluation, the preservation of relevant properties between successive levels of representations. Examples of representations could be: top-level functional specification, detailed design specification, actual implementatio...
cost-risk analysis => The assessment of the costs of providing data protection for a system versus the cost of losing or compromising the data.
countermeasure => Action, device, procedure, technique, or other measure that reduces the vulnerability of an AIS.
covert channel => A communication channel that allows a process to transfer information in a manner that violates the system's security policy.  See also: Covert Storage Channel, Covert Timing Channel.
covert storage channel => A covert channel that involves the direct or indirect writing of a storage location by one process and the direct or indirect reading of the storage location by another process.  Covert storage channels typically involve a f...
covert timing channel => A covert channel in which one process signals information to another by modulating its own use of system resources (e.g=2E, CPU time) in such a way that this manipulation affects the real response time observed by the second ...
criteria => See DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria. Examples of other criteria are the Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (Europe), Canadian Trusted Computer Product Evaluation Criteria, Federal Criteria for Information ...
critical mechanism => a mechanism within a Target of Evaluation whose failure would create a security weakness. Customer - the person or organisation that purchases a Target of Evaluation.
cryptoalgorithm => A well-defined procedure or sequence of rules or steps used to produce a key stream or ciphertext from plaintext and vice versa.
cryptography => (1) The principles, means, and methods for rendering information unintelligible, and for restoring encrypted information to intelligible form. (2) The transformation of ordinary text, or "plaintext," into coded form by encryption and ...
cryptosecurity => The security or protection resulting from the proper use of technically sound cryptosystems. 
data => Information with a specific physical representation.
data confidentiality => the state that exists when data is held in confidence and is protected from unauthorized disclosure.
DES => Data Encryption Standard - (1) A cryptographic algorithm for the protection of unclassified data, published in US Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 46. The DES, which was approved by the US National Institute of Standards and Tech...
data integrity => (1) The state that exists when computerized data is the same as that in the source documents and has not been exposed to accidental or malicious alteration or destruction. (2) The property that data has not been exposed to accidenta...
data flow control => Synonymous with  information flow control.
data security => The protection of data from unauthorized (accidental or intentional) modification, destruction, or disclosure.
database management system => A computer system whose main function is to facilitate the sharing of a common set of data among many different users. It may or may not maintain semantic relationships among the data items.
DBMS => Abbreviation for "database management system."
decomposition => Requirement in a protection profile that spans several components. Note: The decomposition of a specific requirement becomes necessary when that requirement must be assigned to multiple components of the generic product requirements ...
dedicated security mode => the mode of operation in which the system is specifically and exclusively dedicated to and controlled for the processing of one particular type or classification of information, either for full-time operation or for a speci...
default classification => A temporary classification reflecting the highest classification being processed in a system.  The default classification is included in the caution statement affixed to the object.
degauss => To reduce magnetic flux density to zero by applying a reverse magnetizing field.
DPL => Degausser Products List - A list of commercially produced degaussers that meet US National Security Agency (NSA) specifications. This list is included in NSA's "Information Systems Security Products and Services Catalogue," available through t...
degausser => An electrical device that can generate a magnetic field for the purpose of degaussing magnetic storage media.  Degausser Products List (DPL) A list of commercially produced degaussers that meet National Security Agency specifications.  T...
delivery => the process whereby a copy of the Target of Evaluation is transferred from the developer to a customer.
DOS => Denial Of Service - (1) The prevention of authorized access to system assets or services or the delaying of time-critical operations. (2) Any action or series of actions that prevents any part of a system from functioning in accordance with it...
dependency => Condition in which the correctness of one TCB subset is contingent (depends for its correctness) on the correctness of another TCB subset. Note: A TCB subset A depends for its correctness on TCB subset B if and only if the (engineering)...
depends => A TCB subset A depends (for its correctness) on TCB subset B if and only if the (engineering) arguments of the correct implementation of A with respect to its specification assume, wholly or in part, that the specification of B has been im...
DTLS => Descriptive Top-Level Specification - A top-level specification that is written in a natural language (e.g., English), an informal design notation, or a combination of the two.
DAA => Designated Approving Authority - Official with the authority to formally assume responsibility for operating an IT product, an AIS, or network at an acceptable level of risk.
detailed design => a phase of the Development Process wherein the top level definition and design of a Target of Evaluation is refined and expanded to a level of detail that can be used as a basis for implementation.
developer => the person or organisation that manufactures a Target of Evaluation.
developer security => the physical, procedural and personnel security controls imposed by a developer on his Development Environment.
development assurance => Sources of IT product assurance ranging from how a product was designed and implemented to how it is tested, operated and maintained.
development assurance component => Fundamental building block, specifying how an IT product is developed, from which development assurance requirements are assembled.
development assurance package => Grouping of development assurance components assembled to ease specification and common understanding of how an IT product is developed.
development assurance requirements => Requirements in a protection profile which address how each conforming IT product is developed including the production of ap- propriate supporting developmental process evidence and how that product will be main...
development environment => the organisational measures, procedures and standards used whilst constructing a Target of Evaluation.
development process => The set of phases and tasks whereby a Target of Evaluation is constructed, translating requirements into actual hardware and software.
dial back => Synonymous with call back.
dialup => The service whereby a computer terminal can use the telephone to initiate and effect communication with a computer.
digital signature => A cryptographic method, provided by public key cryptography, used by a message's recipient and any third party to verify the identity of the message's sender. It can also be used to verify the authenticity of the message. A sende...
DSS => Digital Signature Standard - A US Federal Information Processing Standard proposed by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) to support digital signature.
digital telephony => Telephone systems that use digital communications technology.
disaster plan => Synonymous with contingency plan.
DAC => Discretionary Access Control - a means of restricting access to objects based on the identity of subjects and/or groups to which they belong. The controls are discretionary in the sense that: (a) A subject with a certain access permission is c...
documentation => the written (or otherwise recorded) information about a Target of Evaluation required for an evaluation. This information may, but need not, be contained within a single document produced for the specified purpose.
TCSEC => DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria - A document published by the National Computer Security Center containing a uniform set of basic requirements and evaluation classes for assessing degrees of assurance in the effectiveness of ...
domain => The unique context (for example, access control parameters) in which a program is operating - in effect, the set of objects that a subject has the ability to access. Note: A subject's domain determines which access control attributes an obj...
dominate => Security level S1 is said to dominate security level S2 if the hierarchical classification of S1 is greater than or equal to that of S2 and the non-hierarchical categories of S1 include all those of S2 as a subset.
ease of use => an aspect of the assessment of the effectiveness of a Target of Evaluation, namely that it cannot be configured or used in a manner which is insecure but which an administrator or end-user would reasonably believe to be secure.
effectiveness => In security evaluations, an aspect of assurance assessing how well the applied security functions and mechanisms working together will actually satisfy the security requirements.
element => An indivisible security requirement which is to be satisfied during an evaluation.
emanations => See compromising emanations.
embedded system => A system that performs or controls a function, either in whole or in part, as an integral element of a larger system or subsystem.
emergency plan => Synonymous with contingency plan.
emission security => The protection resulting from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and from an analysis of compromising emanations from systems=2E
encryption => The process of making information indecipherable to protect it from unauthorized viewing or use, especially during transmission or storage. Encryption is based on an algorithm and at least one key. Even if the algorithm is known, the in...
end user => A person in contact with a target of evaluation who makes use only of its operational capability.
end to end encryption => The protection of information passed in a telecommunications system by cryptographic means, from point of origin to point of destination.
ETL => Endorsed Tools List - The list of formal verification tools endorsed by the NCSC for the development of systems with high levels of trust=2E
environment => (1) All entities - users, procedures, conditions, objects, AISs (automated information systems), and other IT (information technology) products - that interact with (affect the development, operation, and maintenance of) an IT product....
erasure => A process by which a signal recorded on magnetic media is removed. Erasure is accomplished in two ways: (1) by alternating current erasure, by which the information is destroyed by applying an alternating high and low magnetic field to the...
evaluation => Technical assessment of a component's, product's, subsystem's, or system's security properties that establishes whether or not the component, product, subsystem, or system meets a specific set of requirements. Note: Evaluation is a term...
evaluation assurance => Source of IT product assurance based on the kind and intensity of the evaluation analysis performed on the product.
ealuation assurance Component => Fundamental building block, specifying the type and the rigor of required evaluation activities, from which evaluation assurance requirements are assembled.
evaluation assurance package => Grouping of evaluation assurance components assembled to ease specification and common understanding of the type and the rigor of re- quired evaluation activities.
evaluation assurance requirements => Requirements in a protection profile which address both the type and the rigor of activities that must occur during product evaluation.
evaluation criteria => A set of requirements defining the conditions under which an evaluation is performed. These requirements can also be used in specification and development of systems and products.
evaluator => the independent person or organisation that performs an evaluation.
evaluator actions => a component of the evaluation criteria for a particular phase or aspect of evaluation, identifying what the evaluator must do to check the information supplied by the sponsor of the evaluator, and the additional activities he mus...
evaluators => Individuals or groups responsible for the independent assessment of IT product security (e.g., product evaluators, system security officers, system certifiers, and system accreditors).
executive state => (1) One of several states in which a system may operate and the only one in which certain privileged instructions may be executed. Such instructions cannot be executed when the system is operating in other (for example, user) state...
explain => Give required information and show that it satisfies all relevant requirements.
exploitable channel => Covert channel that is usable or detectable by subjects external to the AIS's trusted computing base and can be used to violate the AIS's technical security policy. (See covert channel.)
external security controls => Measures which include physical, personnel, procedural, and administrative security requirements and a separate certification and accreditation process that govern physical access to an IT product. <br><br>Note: These me...
fail safe => Pertaining to the automatic protection of programs and/or processing systems to maintain safety when a hardware or software failure is detected in a system.
fail soft => Pertaining to the selective termination of affected nonessential processing when a hardware or software failure is detected in a system.
failure access => An unauthorized and usually inadvertent access to data resulting from a hardware or software failure in the system.
failure control => The methodology used to detect and provide fail-safe or fail-soft recovery from hardware and software failures in a system.
family => Grouping of related components that all address the same type of
fault => A condition that causes a device or system component to fail to perform in a required manner.
fetch protection => (1) A system-provided restriction to prevent a program from accessing data in another user's segment of storage. (2) The aggregate of all processes and procedures in a system designed to inhibit unauthorized access, contamination,...
file protection => The aggregate of all processes and procedures in a system designed to inhibit unauthorized access, contamination, or elimination of a file.
file security => The means by which access to computer files is limited to authorized users only.
flaw => An error of commission, omission, or oversight in a system that allows protection mechanisms to be bypassed.
flaw hypothesis methodology => A system analysis and penetration technique where specifications and documentation for the system are analyzed and then flaws in the system are hypothesized.  The list of hypothesized flaws is then prioritized on the ba...
formal => Based upon precise and unambiguous syntax and semantics. -  Human user - A person who interacts with the TOE.
formal development methodology => A collection of languages and tools that enforces a rigorous method of verification.  This methodology uses the Ina Jo specification language for successive stages of system development, including identification and ...
formal model of security policy => an underlying model of security policy expressed in a formal style, i.e. an abstract statement of the important principles of security that a TOE will enforce. 
formal proof => A complete and convincing mathematical argument, presenting the full logical justification for each proof step, for the truth of a theorem or set of theorems.  The formal verification process uses formal proofs to show the truth of ce...
formal specification => Statement about a product made using the restricted syntax and grammar of a formal reasoning system and a set of terms that have been precisely and uniquely defined of specified. Note: The formal statement should be augmented ...
FTLS => Formal Top-Level Specification - A Top-Level Specification that is written in a formal mathematical language to allow theorems showing the correspondence of the system specification to its formal requirements to be hypothesized and formally p...
formal verification => The process of u sing formal proofs to demonstrate the consistency (design verification) between a formal specification of a system and a formal security policy model or (implementation verification) between the formal specific...
formal access approval => Documented approval by a data owner to allow access to a particular category of information.
formal security policy model => A mathematically precise statement of a security policy.  To be adequately precise, such a model must represent the initial state of a system, the way in which the system progresses from one state to another, and a def...
security filter => A security filter, which could be implemented in hardware or software, that is logically separated from the remainder of the system to protect the system's integrity.
functional component => Fundamental building block, specifying what an IT product must be capable of doing, from which functional protection requirements are assembled.
functional package => Grouping of functional components assembled to ease specification and common understanding of what an IT product is capable of doing.
functional protection requirements => Requirements in a protection profile which address what conforming IT products must be capable of doing.
functional testing => The portion of security testing in which the advertised features of a system are tested for correct operation.
functional unit => a functionally distinct part of a basic component.
functionality => The totality of functional properties of a TOE that contributes to security.
functionality class => a predefined set of complementary security enforcing functions capable of being implemented in a Target of Evaluation.
general-purpose system => A computer system that is designed to aid in solving a wide variety of problems.
generic threat => Class of threats with common characteristics pertaining to vulnerabilities, agents, event sequences, and resulting misfortunes=2E
global requirements => Those which require analysis of the entire system and for which separate analysis of the individual TCB (trusted computing base) subsets does not suffice.
granularity => Relative fineness or coarseness to which an access control mechanism or oth- er IT product aspect can be adjusted. Note: Protection at the file level is considered course granularity, whereas protection at the field level is considered...
group => Named collection of user identifiers.
gypsy verification environment => An integrated set of tools for specifying, coding, and verifying programs written in the Gypsy language, a language similar to Pascal which has both specification and programming features.  This methology includes an...
handshaking procedure => A dialogue between two entities (e.g., a user and a computer, a computer and another computer, or a program and another program) for the purpose of identifying and authenticating the entities to one another.
hierarchical decomposition => the ordered, structured reduction of a system or a component to primitives.
hierarchical development methodology => A methodology for specifying and verifying the design programs written in the Special specification language. The tools for this methodology include the Special specification processor, the Boyer-Moore theorem ...
host => any computer-based system connected to the network and containing the necessary protocol interpreter software to initiate network access and carry out information exchange across the communications network. This definition encompasses typical...
identification => The process that enables recognition of an entity by a system, generally by the use of unique machine-readable user names.
impersonating => Synonymous with spoofing.
implementation => a phase of the Development Process wherein the detailed specification of a Target of Evaluation is translated into actual hardware and software.
individual accountability => The ability to associate positively the identity of a user with the time, method, and degree of access to a system.
informal => Expressed in natural language.
informal specification => Statement about (the properties of) a product made using the gram- mar, syntax, and common definitions of a natural language (e.g., English). >Note: While no notational restrictions apply, the informal specification is also ...
information protection policy => Set of laws, rules, and practices that regulate how an IT product will, within specified limits, counter threats expected in the product's assumed operational environment.
ISSO => Information System Security Officer  -  The person responsible to the DAA for ensuring that security is provided for and implemented throughout the life cycle of an AIS from the beginning of the concept development plan through its design, de...
ITSEC => Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria - European security evaluation criteria for targets of evaluation (TOE).
information flow control => A procedure to ensure that information transfers within a system are not made from a higher security level object to an object of a lower security level.  See covert channel, simple security property, star property (*-prop...
information processing standard => A set of detailed technical guidelines used to establish uniformity to support specific functions and/or interoperability in hardware, software, or telecommunications development, testing, and/or operation.
information protection policy => Set of laws, rules, and practices that regulate how an IT (information technology) product will, within specified limits, counter threats expected in the product's assumed operational environment.
IT => Information Technology - An international term for an information system, which consists of one or more automated information systems (AISs) or computer systems and communications systems.
integrity => a) The property that information or resources are not improperly affected.	b) The  property  that  assumptions  about  the  known  or expected  state  of information or resources remain true.
integrity policy => a security policy to prevent unauthorized users from modifying, viz., writing, sensitive information. See also Security Policy.
interdiction => See denial of service - DOS.
internal security controls => Mechanisms implemented in the hardware, firmware, and soft- ware of an IT product which provide protection for the IT product.
internal subject => a subject which is not acting as direct surrogate for a user. A process which is not associated with any user but performs system-wide functions such as packet switching, line printer spooling, and so on. Also known as a daemon or...
interoperability => The ability of computers to act upon information received from one another.
isolation => The containment of subjects and objects in a system in such a way that they are separated from one another, as well as from the protection controls of the operating system.
IT Security => The state of security in an IT system.
IT System => A specific IT installation, with a particular purpose and operational environment.
key management => A method of electronically transmitting, in a secure fashion, a secret key for use with a secret key cryptographic system. Key management can be used to support communications privacy. This method can be accomplished most securely w...
key escrow system => An electronic means of reconstructing a secret key (for secret key encryption) or a private key (for public key encryption)=2E The reconstructed key can then be used in a process to decrypt a communication.

factpacks/security.fact  view on Meta::CPAN

OSI => The International Organization for Standardization provides a framework for defining the communications process between systems. This framework includes a network architecture, consisting of seven layers. The architecture is referred to as the...
output => Information that has been exported by a TCB.
overt channel => an overt channel is a path within a network which is designed for the authorized transfer of data.
overwrite procedure => A stimulation to change the state of a bit followed by a known pattern.  See magnetic remanence.
owner => User granted privileges with respect to security attributes and privileges affecting specific subjects and objects.
package => A set of components combined together to satisfy a set of identified objectives.
partial order => A relation that is symmetric (a is related to a), transitive (if a is related to b and b is related to c, then a is related to c), and antisymmetric (if a is related to b and b is related to a, then a and b are identical.)
partitioned security mode => A mode of operation wherein all personnel have the clearance but not necessarily formal access approval and need-to-know for all information contained in the system.  Not to be confused with compartmented security mode.
passive => (1) A property of an object or network object that it lacks logical or computational capability and is unable to change the information it contains. (2) Those threats to the confidentiality of data which, if realized, would not result in a...
password => Protected/private character string used to authenticate an identity or to authorize access to data.
penetration => the successful violation of a protected system.
penetration testing => tests performed by an evaluator on the Target of Evaluation in order to confirm whether or not known vulnerabilities are actually exploitable in practice.
penetration signature => The characteristics or identifying marks that may be produced by a penetration.
penetration study => A study to determine the feasibility and methods for defeating controls of a system.
periods processing => The processing of various levels of sensitive information at distinctly different times.  Under periods processing, the system must be purged of all information from one processing period before transitioning to the next when th...
permissions => A description of the type of authorized interactions a subject can have with an object.  Examples include: read, write, execute, add, modify, and delete.
personnel security => The procedures established to ensure that all personnel who have access to sensitive information have the required authority as well as appropriate clearances.
physical security => The application of physical barriers and control procedures as preventive measures or countermeasures against threats to resources and sensitive information.
piggyback => Gaining unauthorized access to a system via another user's legitimate connection.  See between-the-lines entry.
plaintext => See cleartext.
PPL => Preferred Products List - A list of commercially produced equipments that meet TEMPEST and other requirements prescribed by the National Security Agency. This list is included in the NSA Information Systems Security Products and Services Catal...
primitive => An ordering relation between TCB subsets based on dependency (see "depends" above). A TCB subset B is more primitive than a second TCB subset A (and A is less primitive than B) if (a) A directly depends on B or (b) a chain of TCB subsets...
print suppression => Eliminating the displaying of characters in order to preserve their secrecy; e.g., not displaying the characters of a password as it is keyed at the input terminal.
privacy => (1) the ability of an individual or organization to control the collection, storage, sharing, and dissemination of personal and organizational information. (2) The right to insist on adequate security of, and to define authorized users of,...
private key =>  The undisclosed key in a matched key pair - private key and public key - that each party safeguards for public key cryptography.
privilege => Special authorization that is granted to particular users to perform security rel- evant operations.
privileged instructions => A set of instructions (e.g., interrupt handling or special computer instructions) to control features (such as storage protection features) that are generally executable only when the automated system is operating in the ex...
procedural security => Synonymous with administrative security.
process => a program in execution. It is completely characterized by a single current execution point (represented by the machine state) and address space.
producers =>  Providers of IT (information technology) product security (for example, product vendors, product developers, security analysts, and value-added resellers).
product => A package of IT software and/or hardware, providing functionality designed for use or incorporation within a multiplicity of systems.
product rationale => a description of the security capabilities of a product, giving the necessary information for a prospective purchaser to decide whether it will help to satisfy his system security objectives.
production =>  the process whereby copies of the Target of Evaluation are generated for distribution to customers.
profile => Detailed security description of the physical structure, equipment component, lo- cation, relationships, and general operating environment of an IT product or AIS. (See Protection Profile.) 
profile assurance => Measure of confidence in the technical soundness of a protection profile.
proprietary information => Information that is owned by a private enterprise and whose use and/or distribution is restricted by that enterprise. <br><br>Note: Proprietary information may be related to the company's products, business, or activities, ...
protection philosophy => An informal description of the overall design of a system that delineates each of the protection mechanisms employed.  A combination (appropriate to the evaluation class) of formal and informal techniques is used to show that...
PP => Protection Profile - A  combination  of  security  requirements including  assurance  and  functional requirements with associated rationale and target environment
protection ring =>  One of a hierarchy of privileged modes of a system that gives certain access rights to user programs and processes authorized to operate in a given mode. 
protocols => A set of rules and formats, semantic and syntactic, that permits entities to exchange information.
pseudoflaw => An apparent loophole deliberately implanted in an operating system program as a trap for intruders.
public key cryptography => Cryptography using two matched keys (or asymmetric cryptography) in which a single private key is not shared by a pair of users. Instead, users have their own key pairs. Each key pair consists of a matched private and publi...
purge =>  The removal of sensitive data from an AIS, AIS storage device, or peripheral device with storage capacity, at the end of a processing period. This action is performed in such a way that there is assurance proportional to the sensitivity of ...
rating => a measure for the assurance that may be held in a Target of Evaluation, consisting of a reference to its security target, an evaluation level established by assessment of the correctness of its implementation and consideration of its effect...
RC2 => (Rivest Cipher 2 ): Two secret key encryption systems that are implemented in mass-market software. These systems are proprietary and are marketed by RSA Data Security, Inc. RC2 and RC4 can be used with various key lengths, such as 40 bits or ...
read => A fundamental operation that results only in the flow of information from an object to a subject.
read access => Permission to read information.
ROM => Read-Only Memory - A storage area in which the contents can be read but not altered during normal computer processing.
real time => The actual time in which something, such as the communication of information, takes place.
recovery procedures => The actions necessary to restore a system's computational capability and data files after a system failure.
refinements => Requirement in a protection profile taken to a lower level of abstraction than the component on which it is based. Note: The refinement of a component requirement is necessary when multiple environment-specific requirements must be ass...
reliability => The probability of a given system performing its mission adequately for a specified period of time under the expected operating conditions.
requirements => Phase of the Development Process wherein the top level definition of the functionality of the system is produced.
residual risk => The portion of risk that remains after security measures have been applied.
residue => Data left in storage after processing operations are complete, but before degaussing or rewriting has taken place.
resource => anything used or consumed while performing a function. The categories of resources are: time, information, objects (information containers), or processors (the ability to use information). specific examples are: CPU time; terminal connect...
restricted area => Any area to which access is subject to special restrictions or controls for reasons of security or safeguarding of property or material.
risk => The expected loss due to, or impact of, anticipated threats in light of system vulner- abilities and strength or determination of relevant threat agents.
risk analysis => The process of identifying security risks, determining their magnitude, and identifying areas needing safeguards.  Risk analysis is a part of risk management.  Synonymous with risk assessment.
risk index => The disparity between the minimum clearance or authorization of system users and the maximum sensitivity (e.g., classification and categories) of data processed by a system.  See CSC-STD-003-85 and CSC-STD-004-85 for a complete explanat...
risk management => The total process of identifying, controlling, and eliminating or minimizing uncertain events that may affect system resources. It includes risk analysis, cost benefit analysis, selection, implementation and test, security evaluati...
role => A defined set of functionally related operations, and the authorisations necessary to perform those operations, which may be assigned to users.
RSA => A public key algorithm invented by Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard M. Adleman (RSA). RSA can be used to generate digital signatures, encrypt messages, and provide key management for DES (Data Encryption Standard), RC2 (Rivest Cipher ...
safeguards => See security safeguards.
scavenging => Searching through object residue to acquire unauthorized data.
secrecy policy => a security policy to prevent unauthorized users from reading sensitive information. See also Security Policy
secret key => The key that two parties share and keep secret for secret key cryptography. Given secret key algorithms of equal strength, the approximate difficulty of decrypting encrypted messages by brute force search can be measured by the number o...
secure state => A condition in which no subject can access any object in an unauthorized manner.
secure subsystem => A subsystem that contains its own implementation of the reference monitor concept for those resources it controls.  However, the secure subsystem must depend on other controls and the base operating system for the control of subje...
Security => The combination of confidentiality, integrity and availability. [ITSEC] Security Audit Trail - Set of records that collectively provide documentary evidence of pro- cessing used to aid in tracing from original transactions forward to rela...
security administrator => A user or user role about which assumptions of correct behaviour need to be made to ensure the continuing correct operation of the TOE.
security architecture => the subset of computer architecture dealing with the security of the computer or network system. See computer architecture, network architecture.
security attribute => Information,  controlled  by  the  TSF  and  used  in  TSP enforcement,  about  a  user, subject, resource or object.
security domain => Scope of potential interaction as enforced by the TSF. 
security enforcing => that which directly contributes to satisfying the security objectives of the Target of Evaluation.
SF => Security Function - A part or parts of the TOE which enforce a closely related subset of the rules and objectives from the TOE Security Policy (TSP).
SFP => Security Function Policy (SFP) - A closely related subset of the rules and objectives of the TSP. The security policy enforced by a security function (SF).
security kernel => The hardware, firmware, and software elements of a Trusted Computing Base that implement the reference monitor concept.  It must mediate all accesses, be protected from modification, and be verifiable as correct.
security level => The combination of a hierarchical classification and a set of non-hierarchical categories that represents the sensitivity of information.
security mechanism => the logic or algorithm that implements a particular security enforcing or security relevant function in hardware and software.
security objectives => The contribution to security which a system or product is intended to achieve.
security policy => A set of rules and procedures regulating the use of information including its processing, storage, distribution and presentation.
security relevant => that which is not security enforcing, but must function correctly for the Target of Evaluation to enforce security.
security target => a specification of the security required of a Target of Evaluation, used as a baseline for evaluation. The security target will specify the security enforcing functions of the Target of Evaluation. It will also specify the security...
security testing => A process used to determine that the security features of a system are implemented as designed and that they are adequate for a proposed application environment. This process includes hands-on functional testing, penetration testi...
security audit trail => The set of records that collectively provide documentary evidence of processing used to aid in tracing from original transactions forward to related records and reports, and/or backward from records and reports to their compon...
security evaluation => An evaluation done to assess the degree of trust that can be placed in systems for the secure handling of sensitive information.  One type, a product evaluation, is an evaluation performed on the hardware and software features ...
security fault analysis => A security analysis, usually performed on hardware at gate level, to determine the security properties of a device when a hardware fault is encountered. 
security features =>  The security-relevant functions, mechanisms, and characteristics of system hardware and software.  Security features are a subset of system security safeguards.
security filter => A trusted subsystem that enforces a security policy on the data that pass through it.
security flaw => An error of commission or omission in a system that may allow protection mechanisms to be bypassed.
security measures => Elements of software, firmware, hardware, or procedures that are included in a system for the satisfaction of security specifications.
security perimeter => The boundary where security controls are in effect to protect assets.
security range => The highest and lowest security levels that are permitted in or on a system, system component, subsystem or network. 
security requirements => The types and levels of protection necessary for equipment, data, information, applications, and facilities to meet security policy.
security safeguards => The protective measures and controls that are prescribed to meet the security requirements specified for a system.  Those safeguards may include but are not necessarily limited to: hardware and software security  features, oper...
security specifications => A detailed description of the safeguards required to protect a system.
security target => (1) A specification of the security required of a target of evaluation, used as a baseline for evaluation. The security target will specify the security-enforcing functions of the target of evaluation. It will also specify the secu...
security testing => A process used to determine that the security features of a system are implemented as designed.  This includes hands-on functional testing, penetration testing, and verification. 
sensitive information => Any information, the loss, misuse, modification of, or unauthorized access to, could affect the national interest or the conduct of Federal programs, or the privacy to which individuals are entitled under  Section 552a of Tit...
shall => Indication that a requirement must be met unless a justification of why it cannot be met is given and accepted.
should => Indication of an objective requirement that requires less justification for non-con- formancy and should be more readily approved. Note: Should is often used when a specific requirement is not feasible in some situations or with common curr...
simple security condition => A Bell-LaPadula security model rule allowing a subject read access to an object only if the security level of the subject dominates the security level of the object.
simple security property => A Bell-La Padula security model rule allowing a subject read access to an object only if the security level of the subject dominates the security level of the object.  Synonymous with simple security condition.
single level device => A device that is used to process data of a single security level at any one time.  Since the device need not be trusted to separate data of different security levels, sensitivity labels do not have to be stored with the data be...
site certification => The comprehensive assessment of the technical and nontechnical security functions of an IT (information technology) system in its  operational environment to establish the extent to which the system meets a set of specified secu...
skipjack =>  A classified 64-bit block encryption, or secret key encryption,algorithm. The algorithm uses 80-bit keys (compared with 56 for DES) and has 32 computational rounds or iterations (compared with 16 for DES)=2E Skipjack supports all DES mod...
software security => General purpose (executive, utility or software development tools) and applications programs or routines that protect data handled by a system.
sponsor => the person or organisation that requests an evaluation.
spoofing => An attempt to gain access to a system by posing as an authorized user. (Synonymous with impersonating, masquerading, and mimicking.)
state delta verification system => A system designed to give high confidence regarding microcode performance by using formulas that represent isolated states of a computation to check proofs concerning the course of that computation.
state variable => A variable that represents either the state of the system or the state of some system resource. 
state => Give required information with no attempted or implied requirement, to justify the information presented.
storage object => An object that supports both read and write accesses.
SAISS => Subcommittee on Automated Information Systems Security  - authorizes and directs the establishment, under the NTISSC, of a permanent Subcommittee on Automated Information Systems Security.  The SAISS is composed of one voting member from eac...
subject => Active entity in an IT product or AIS, generally in the form of a process or device, that causes information to flow among objects or changes the system state.
system => an assembly of computer and/or communications hardware, software, and firmware configured for the purpose of classifying, sorting, calculating, computing, summarizing, transmitting and receiving, storing and retrieving data with the purpose...
system entry => Mechanism by which an identified and authenticated user is provided access into the system.
SSO => System Security Officer - the person responsible for the security of a system. The SSO is authorized to act in the "security administrator" role. Functions that the SSO is expected to perform include: auditing and changing security characteris...
system integrity => The quality that a system has when it performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from deliberate or inadvertent unauthorized manipulation of the system. 
tampering => An unauthorized modification that alters the proper functioning of an equipment or system in a manner that degrades the security or functionality it provides.