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documentation => the written (or otherwise recorded) information about a Target of Evaluation required for an evaluation. This information may, but need not, be contained within a single document produced for the specified purpose.
TCSEC => DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria - A document published by the National Computer Security Center containing a uniform set of basic requirements and evaluation classes for assessing degrees of assurance in the effectiveness of ...
domain => The unique context (for example, access control parameters) in which a program is operating - in effect, the set of objects that a subject has the ability to access. Note: A subject's domain determines which access control attributes an obj...
dominate => Security level S1 is said to dominate security level S2 if the hierarchical classification of S1 is greater than or equal to that of S2 and the non-hierarchical categories of S1 include all those of S2 as a subset.
ease of use => an aspect of the assessment of the effectiveness of a Target of Evaluation, namely that it cannot be configured or used in a manner which is insecure but which an administrator or end-user would reasonably believe to be secure.
effectiveness => In security evaluations, an aspect of assurance assessing how well the applied security functions and mechanisms working together will actually satisfy the security requirements.
element => An indivisible security requirement which is to be satisfied during an evaluation.
emanations => See compromising emanations.
embedded system => A system that performs or controls a function, either in whole or in part, as an integral element of a larger system or subsystem.
emergency plan => Synonymous with contingency plan.
emission security => The protection resulting from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and from an analysis of compromising emanations from systems=2E
encryption => The process of making information indecipherable to protect it from unauthorized viewing or use, especially during transmission or storage. Encryption is based on an algorithm and at least one key. Even if the algorithm is known, the in...
end user => A person in contact with a target of evaluation who makes use only of its operational capability.
end to end encryption => The protection of information passed in a telecommunications system by cryptographic means, from point of origin to point of destination.
ETL => Endorsed Tools List - The list of formal verification tools endorsed by the NCSC for the development of systems with high levels of trust=2E
environment => (1) All entities - users, procedures, conditions, objects, AISs (automated information systems), and other IT (information technology) products - that interact with (affect the development, operation, and maintenance of) an IT product....
erasure => A process by which a signal recorded on magnetic media is removed. Erasure is accomplished in two ways: (1) by alternating current erasure, by which the information is destroyed by applying an alternating high and low magnetic field to the...
evaluation => Technical assessment of a component's, product's, subsystem's, or system's security properties that establishes whether or not the component, product, subsystem, or system meets a specific set of requirements. Note: Evaluation is a term...
evaluation assurance => Source of IT product assurance based on the kind and intensity of the evaluation analysis performed on the product.
ealuation assurance Component => Fundamental building block, specifying the type and the rigor of required evaluation activities, from which evaluation assurance requirements are assembled.
evaluation assurance package => Grouping of evaluation assurance components assembled to ease specification and common understanding of the type and the rigor of re- quired evaluation activities.
evaluation assurance requirements => Requirements in a protection profile which address both the type and the rigor of activities that must occur during product evaluation.
evaluation criteria => A set of requirements defining the conditions under which an evaluation is performed. These requirements can also be used in specification and development of systems and products.
evaluator => the independent person or organisation that performs an evaluation.
evaluator actions => a component of the evaluation criteria for a particular phase or aspect of evaluation, identifying what the evaluator must do to check the information supplied by the sponsor of the evaluator, and the additional activities he mus...
evaluators => Individuals or groups responsible for the independent assessment of IT product security (e.g., product evaluators, system security officers, system certifiers, and system accreditors).
executive state => (1) One of several states in which a system may operate and the only one in which certain privileged instructions may be executed. Such instructions cannot be executed when the system is operating in other (for example, user) state...
explain => Give required information and show that it satisfies all relevant requirements.
exploitable channel => Covert channel that is usable or detectable by subjects external to the AIS's trusted computing base and can be used to violate the AIS's technical security policy. (See covert channel.)
external security controls => Measures which include physical, personnel, procedural, and administrative security requirements and a separate certification and accreditation process that govern physical access to an IT product. <br><br>Note: These me...
fail safe => Pertaining to the automatic protection of programs and/or processing systems to maintain safety when a hardware or software failure is detected in a system.
fail soft => Pertaining to the selective termination of affected nonessential processing when a hardware or software failure is detected in a system.
failure access => An unauthorized and usually inadvertent access to data resulting from a hardware or software failure in the system.
failure control => The methodology used to detect and provide fail-safe or fail-soft recovery from hardware and software failures in a system.
family => Grouping of related components that all address the same type of
fault => A condition that causes a device or system component to fail to perform in a required manner.
fetch protection => (1) A system-provided restriction to prevent a program from accessing data in another user's segment of storage. (2) The aggregate of all processes and procedures in a system designed to inhibit unauthorized access, contamination,...
file protection => The aggregate of all processes and procedures in a system designed to inhibit unauthorized access, contamination, or elimination of a file.
file security => The means by which access to computer files is limited to authorized users only.
flaw => An error of commission, omission, or oversight in a system that allows protection mechanisms to be bypassed.
flaw hypothesis methodology => A system analysis and penetration technique where specifications and documentation for the system are analyzed and then flaws in the system are hypothesized.  The list of hypothesized flaws is then prioritized on the ba...
formal => Based upon precise and unambiguous syntax and semantics. -  Human user - A person who interacts with the TOE.
formal development methodology => A collection of languages and tools that enforces a rigorous method of verification.  This methodology uses the Ina Jo specification language for successive stages of system development, including identification and ...
formal model of security policy => an underlying model of security policy expressed in a formal style, i.e. an abstract statement of the important principles of security that a TOE will enforce. 
formal proof => A complete and convincing mathematical argument, presenting the full logical justification for each proof step, for the truth of a theorem or set of theorems.  The formal verification process uses formal proofs to show the truth of ce...
formal specification => Statement about a product made using the restricted syntax and grammar of a formal reasoning system and a set of terms that have been precisely and uniquely defined of specified. Note: The formal statement should be augmented ...
FTLS => Formal Top-Level Specification - A Top-Level Specification that is written in a formal mathematical language to allow theorems showing the correspondence of the system specification to its formal requirements to be hypothesized and formally p...
formal verification => The process of u sing formal proofs to demonstrate the consistency (design verification) between a formal specification of a system and a formal security policy model or (implementation verification) between the formal specific...
formal access approval => Documented approval by a data owner to allow access to a particular category of information.
formal security policy model => A mathematically precise statement of a security policy.  To be adequately precise, such a model must represent the initial state of a system, the way in which the system progresses from one state to another, and a def...
security filter => A security filter, which could be implemented in hardware or software, that is logically separated from the remainder of the system to protect the system's integrity.
functional component => Fundamental building block, specifying what an IT product must be capable of doing, from which functional protection requirements are assembled.
functional package => Grouping of functional components assembled to ease specification and common understanding of what an IT product is capable of doing.
functional protection requirements => Requirements in a protection profile which address what conforming IT products must be capable of doing.
functional testing => The portion of security testing in which the advertised features of a system are tested for correct operation.
functional unit => a functionally distinct part of a basic component.
functionality => The totality of functional properties of a TOE that contributes to security.
functionality class => a predefined set of complementary security enforcing functions capable of being implemented in a Target of Evaluation.
general-purpose system => A computer system that is designed to aid in solving a wide variety of problems.
generic threat => Class of threats with common characteristics pertaining to vulnerabilities, agents, event sequences, and resulting misfortunes=2E
global requirements => Those which require analysis of the entire system and for which separate analysis of the individual TCB (trusted computing base) subsets does not suffice.
granularity => Relative fineness or coarseness to which an access control mechanism or oth- er IT product aspect can be adjusted. Note: Protection at the file level is considered course granularity, whereas protection at the field level is considered...
group => Named collection of user identifiers.
gypsy verification environment => An integrated set of tools for specifying, coding, and verifying programs written in the Gypsy language, a language similar to Pascal which has both specification and programming features.  This methology includes an...
handshaking procedure => A dialogue between two entities (e.g., a user and a computer, a computer and another computer, or a program and another program) for the purpose of identifying and authenticating the entities to one another.
hierarchical decomposition => the ordered, structured reduction of a system or a component to primitives.
hierarchical development methodology => A methodology for specifying and verifying the design programs written in the Special specification language. The tools for this methodology include the Special specification processor, the Boyer-Moore theorem ...
host => any computer-based system connected to the network and containing the necessary protocol interpreter software to initiate network access and carry out information exchange across the communications network. This definition encompasses typical...
identification => The process that enables recognition of an entity by a system, generally by the use of unique machine-readable user names.
impersonating => Synonymous with spoofing.
implementation => a phase of the Development Process wherein the detailed specification of a Target of Evaluation is translated into actual hardware and software.
individual accountability => The ability to associate positively the identity of a user with the time, method, and degree of access to a system.
informal => Expressed in natural language.
informal specification => Statement about (the properties of) a product made using the gram- mar, syntax, and common definitions of a natural language (e.g., English). >Note: While no notational restrictions apply, the informal specification is also ...
information protection policy => Set of laws, rules, and practices that regulate how an IT product will, within specified limits, counter threats expected in the product's assumed operational environment.
ISSO => Information System Security Officer  -  The person responsible to the DAA for ensuring that security is provided for and implemented throughout the life cycle of an AIS from the beginning of the concept development plan through its design, de...
ITSEC => Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria - European security evaluation criteria for targets of evaluation (TOE).
information flow control => A procedure to ensure that information transfers within a system are not made from a higher security level object to an object of a lower security level.  See covert channel, simple security property, star property (*-prop...
information processing standard => A set of detailed technical guidelines used to establish uniformity to support specific functions and/or interoperability in hardware, software, or telecommunications development, testing, and/or operation.
information protection policy => Set of laws, rules, and practices that regulate how an IT (information technology) product will, within specified limits, counter threats expected in the product's assumed operational environment.
IT => Information Technology - An international term for an information system, which consists of one or more automated information systems (AISs) or computer systems and communications systems.
integrity => a) The property that information or resources are not improperly affected.	b) The  property  that  assumptions  about  the  known  or expected  state  of information or resources remain true.
integrity policy => a security policy to prevent unauthorized users from modifying, viz., writing, sensitive information. See also Security Policy.
interdiction => See denial of service - DOS.
internal security controls => Mechanisms implemented in the hardware, firmware, and soft- ware of an IT product which provide protection for the IT product.
internal subject => a subject which is not acting as direct surrogate for a user. A process which is not associated with any user but performs system-wide functions such as packet switching, line printer spooling, and so on. Also known as a daemon or...
interoperability => The ability of computers to act upon information received from one another.
isolation => The containment of subjects and objects in a system in such a way that they are separated from one another, as well as from the protection controls of the operating system.
IT Security => The state of security in an IT system.
IT System => A specific IT installation, with a particular purpose and operational environment.
key management => A method of electronically transmitting, in a secure fashion, a secret key for use with a secret key cryptographic system. Key management can be used to support communications privacy. This method can be accomplished most securely w...
key escrow system => An electronic means of reconstructing a secret key (for secret key encryption) or a private key (for public key encryption)=2E The reconstructed key can then be used in a process to decrypt a communication.
key => A long string of seemingly random bits used with cryptographic algorithms to create or verify digital signatures and encrypt or decrypt messages and conversations. The keys must be known or guessed to forge a digital signature or decrypt an en...
label => see Security Label and Sensitivity Label.
lattice => A partially ordered set for which every pair of elements has a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound.
least privilege => The principle that requires that each subject be granted the most restrictive set of privileges needed for the performance of authorized tasks. The application of this principle limits the damage that can result from accident, erro...
limited access => Synonymous with access control.
list oriented => A computer protection system in which each protected object has a list of all subjects authorized to access it.  Compare ticket-oriented.
local requirements => Those for which separate analysis of the individual TCB (trusted computing base) subsets suffices to determine compliance for the composite TCB. (See the trusted database interpretation of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation ...
lock and key protection system => A protection system that involves matching a key or password with a specific access requirement.
logic bomb => A resident computer program that triggers the perpetration of an unauthorized act when particular states of the system are realized.
loophole => An error of omission or oversight in software or hardware that permits circumventing the system security policy.
*-property => (Star Property) - A Bell-LaPadula security model rule allowing a subject write access to an object only if the security level of the subject is dominated by the security level of the object.  Also known as the Confinement Property.
star property => A Bell-LaPadula security model rule allowing a subject write access to an object only if the security level of the subject is dominated by the security level of the object.  Also known as the Confinement Property.
machine user => A  machine,  group  of  machines  or  other  logical  entity outside  of  the  TOE  with interacts with the TOE.
magnetic remanence => A measure of the magnetic flux density remaining after removal of the applied magnetic force.  Refers to any data remaining on magnetic storage media after removal of the power.
maintenance hook => Special instructions in software to allow easy maintenance and additional feature development.  These are not clearly defined during access for design specification.  Hooks frequently allow entry into the code at unusual points or...
malicious logic => Hardware, software, or firmware that is intentionally included in a system for an unauthorized purpose; e.g., a Trojan horse.
mandatory access control => A means of restricting access to objects based on the sensitivity (as represented by a label) of the information contained in the objects and the formal authorization (i.e., clearance) of subjects to access information of ...
masquerading => Synonymous with spoofing.
mechanism => Operating system entry point or separate operating system support program that performs a specific action or related group of actions.
metadata => (1) Data referring to other data; data (such as data structures, indices, and pointers) that are used to instantiate an abstraction (such as "process," "task," "segment," "file," or "pipe"). (2) A special database, also referred to as a d...
mimicking => Synonymous with spoofing.
modes of operation => A description of the conditions under which an AIS functions, based on the sensitivity of data processed and the clearance levels and authorizations of the users.
multilevel device => A device that is used in a manner that permits it to simultaneously process data of two or more security levels without risk of compromise.  To accomplish this, sensitivity labels are normally stored on the same physical medium a...
multilevel secure => A class of system containing information with different sensitivities that simultaneously permits access by users with different security clearances and needs-to- know, but prevents users from obtaining access to information for ...
multilevel security mode => the mode of operation that allows two or more classification levels of information to be processed simultaneously within the same system when some users are not cleared for all levels of information present. Compare Dedica...
mutually suspicious => The state that exists between interacting processes (subsystems or programs) in which neither process can expect the other process to function securely with respect to some property. 
NCSC => National Computer Security Center - Originally named the DoD Computer  Security Center, the NCSC is responsible for encouraging the widespread availability of trusted computer systems throughout the Federal Government.
NSDD 145 => National Security Decision Directive 145 - Signed by President Reagan on l7 September l984, this directive is entitled "National Policy on Telecommunications and Automated Information Systems Security." It provides initial objectives, pol...
NTISSD => National Telecommunications and Information System Security Directives - NTISS Directives establish national-level decisions relating to NTISS policies, plans, programs, systems, or organizational delegations of authority. NTISSDs are promu...