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<p no=66>
International law experts scoffed at that justification for the invasion. 
<p no=67>
In a February 1988 indictment, Gen Noriega and 16 of his associates were
charged with violating the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt
Organisations Act and laws barring the manufacture, importation and
distribution of cocaine, along with interstate and foreign travel in aid
of racketeering activities and conspiracy. 
<p no=68 segment_break>
Herbert Hartwell was appointed a judge of the Berlin Kammergericht, the
Prussian Supreme Court, at the age of 33, in spite of interrupted legal
studies during war service in 1914-18 ( including the Iron Cross).   A
different kind of courage, coupled with staunch Christianity, marked his
opposition to the Nazi regime during the 1930s. 
<p no=69>
In 1934 he joined the Confessing Church, the wing of the national
(Lutheran) Church which refused to compromise with the Hitler government.
The next year he was dismissed under the Nuremberg Regulations.   A friend
of Probst, H. Gruber and Pastor Martin Niemoller, Hartwell worked to aid
the escape of Jews from Germany.   This brought him into touch with George
Bell, then Bishop of Chichester, and with John Marsh, the Congregational
theologian, who invited him to Oxford. 
<p no=70>
In August 1939 he escaped with his family on the last but one ship to
leave Hamburg.   He took up the invitation, only to be interned on the
outbreak of war.   George Bell secured his early release.   Within months
he determined to be ordained, believing that the Congregationalists most
closely represented the standpoint and theology of the Confessing Church. 
<p no=71>
Dr Nathaniel Micklem, who himself had been deeply involved with the
Christian opposition in Germany, accepted him for training at Mansfield
College, Oxford, for the ministry.   He and his children were always
grateful to "Nat" (whose successor as Principal was Dr Marsh) for many
kindnesses over the years.   At Oxford he took a D.Phil. on Barth, to set
alongside his Erlangen law doctorate. 
<p no=72>
After ordination he worked as a chaplain with German prisoners of war for
the YMCA and from 1948 as secretary for German affairs with the British
Council of Churches Inter Church Aid and Refugee Service, the forerunner
of Christian Aid.   The West German Government honoured him for his
notable work in promoting friendship between the two countries. 
<p no=73>
Robert Courtney Edwin Robertson writes: Whenever I answered the telephone
in the fifties and sixties and heard the anxious voice at the other end
saying " Here is Hartvell" (he never quite managed that English " W"), I
knew that either my deadline for an article was passed or he had some
exciting new book for me to review.   Hartwell devoted his brilliant mind
and untiring energy in those years after the second world war to forging
links between Christians in his adopted country and that of his birth.
He did this at an intellectual level, and one of his chief instruments was
the German-British Fellowship. 
<p no=74>
Herbert Hartwell born April 20, 1894; died December 11, 1989.   above is
p23 international PAGE 
<p no=75 segment_break>
Had this apparently contradictory programme been worked out over a long
period, it might have seemed more logical.   But it contains the hallmarks
of a last-minute compromise with conservative critics of the market
system.
<p no=76>
The signs of retreat in the Ryzhkov formula are only too apparent compared
with the plan put forward by his deputy, Mr Leonid Abalkin, only a month
ago.   The "hybrid" looks less like a controlled experiment than a hasty
effort to balance political opposites.
<p no=77>
Parliament is united on what is wrong with the Soviet economy.   Growth
has been slowing; inflation is up.   The government has been spending
beyond its means, with a budget deficit last year of 120 billion roubles
(GBP120 billion at the official rate), or 10 per cent of GNP.
<p no=78>
Some form of short-term stabilisation programme is needed to eliminate
shortages of goods, and soak up people's cash.   There is also agreement
that a switch to market incentives is necessary after that.   The argument
centres on what kind of stabilisation plan to introduce, the pace of
reforms, and whether the two programmes can be combined.   Can you deal
with inflation while bringing in the market, or should you deal with the
first problem first?
<p no=79>
The government's solution relies on a sharp switch from long-term capital
investment and the defence sector towards food and consumer goods
production and improving social services.
<p no=80>
Many construction projects are already being stopped.   Over the next two
to three years, between 89 and 90 per cent of national income will be
allocated for current consumption to cut the budget deficit to 92 billion
roubles this year, and 60 billion roubles in 1990.
<p no=81>
The government has also drafted a set of measures to restrain the growth
of individual cash incomes so as to reduce demand for goods.   It also
intends to tax enterprises which increase wages by more than 3 per cent.
The Prime Minister told parliament that he was against freezing savings
accounts or monetary reform which would devalue the internal rouble and
cut the value of individuals' savings.
<p no=82>
Mr Yeltsin has supported such reforms while trade unions have suggested
that all savings accounts above a certain level should be wiped out.
<p no=83>
Mr Ryzhkov also ruled out rationing of food and basic goods with other
products available on the free market, saying rationing was a return to
centralised administration, and contradicted the notion of reform.
<p no=84>
"It would be difficult to introduce a rationing system but even more
difficult to get rid of it.   It would be a major step backwards with
great adverse effects," Mr Ryzhkov said.   However, his own plans rely on
strengthening the central system.   Mr Abalkin, outlined three possible
reform variants.
<p no=85 segment_break>
Food is short but surveillance ample in the frozen domain of Zero One.
Erlend Clouston explores the nightmare world of Ceausescu's Romania, where
even the ashtrays are thought to have ears. 
<p no=86>
To enter Romania is to sink into a bad dream.   At Brasov the vast potato
fields are protected by the binoculars and semi-automatic machine-guns of
soldiers perched in 15ft watchtowers.   In Bucharest, gangs of crawling
labourers comb weeds from the cobbled forecourts of Socialist ministries. 
<p no=87>
In Sapinta, three miles south of the Russian border, a chambermaid begs
for a packet of ground coffee to meet a doctor's bill; when the doctor
arrives, he complains wearily that there is no anaesthetic in the
hospitals.   Such indiscretions are rare; Decree 23 stipulates that it is
an offence to communicate with foreigners without reporting the