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          if (*s++ == '\'') {
              char * const ncmd = s;

              while (*s)
                  s++;
              if (s[-1] == '\n')
                  *--s = '\0';
              if (s[-1] == '\'') {
                  *--s = '\0';
                  PERL_FPU_PRE_EXEC
                  PerlProc_execl(PL_cshname, "csh", flags, ncmd, (char*)NULL);
                  PERL_FPU_POST_EXEC
                  *s = '\'';
                  S_exec_failed(aTHX_ PL_cshname, fd, do_report);
                  goto leave;
              }
          }
        }
    }
#endif /* CSH */

    /* see if there are shell metacharacters in it */

    if (*cmd == '.' && isSPACE(cmd[1]))
        goto doshell;

    if (strBEGINs(cmd,"exec") && isSPACE(cmd[4]))
        goto doshell;

    s = cmd;
    while (isWORDCHAR(*s))
        s++;	/* catch VAR=val gizmo */
    if (*s == '=')
        goto doshell;

    for (s = cmd; *s; s++) {
        if (*s != ' ' && !isALPHA(*s) &&
            memCHRs("$&*(){}[]'\";\\|?<>~`\n",*s)) {
            if (*s == '\n' && !s[1]) {
                *s = '\0';
                break;
            }
            /* handle the 2>&1 construct at the end */
            if (*s == '>' && s[1] == '&' && s[2] == '1'
                && s > cmd + 1 && s[-1] == '2' && isSPACE(s[-2])
                && (!s[3] || isSPACE(s[3])))
            {
                const char *t = s + 3;

                while (*t && isSPACE(*t))
                    ++t;
                if (!*t && (PerlLIO_dup2(1,2) != -1)) {
                    s[-2] = '\0';
                    break;
                }
            }
          doshell:
            PERL_FPU_PRE_EXEC
#if defined(OEMVS)
  #if (__CHARSET_LIB == 1)
            unsetenv("_TAG_REDIR_ERR");
  #endif
#endif
            PerlProc_execl(PL_sh_path, "sh", "-c", cmd, (char *)NULL);
            PERL_FPU_POST_EXEC
            S_exec_failed(aTHX_ PL_sh_path, fd, do_report);
            goto leave;
        }
    }

    Newx(argv, (s - cmd) / 2 + 2, const char*);
    SAVEFREEPV(argv);
    cmd = savepvn(cmd, s-cmd);
    SAVEFREEPV(cmd);
    a = argv;
    for (s = cmd; *s;) {
        while (isSPACE(*s))
            s++;
        if (*s)
            *(a++) = s;
        while (*s && !isSPACE(*s))
            s++;
        if (*s)
            *s++ = '\0';
    }
    *a = NULL;
    if (argv[0]) {
        PERL_FPU_PRE_EXEC
        PerlProc_execvp(argv[0],EXEC_ARGV_CAST(argv));
        PERL_FPU_POST_EXEC
        if (errno == ENOEXEC)		/* for system V NIH syndrome */
            goto doshell;
        S_exec_failed(aTHX_ argv[0], fd, do_report);
    }
leave:
    LEAVE;
    return FALSE;
}

#endif /* OS2 || WIN32 */

SSize_t
Perl_apply(pTHX_ I32 type, SV **mark, SV **sp)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_APPLY;

    I32 val;
    SSize_t tot = 0;
    const char *const what = PL_op_name[type];
    const char *s;
    STRLEN len;
    SV ** const oldmark = mark;
    bool killgp = FALSE;

    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(what); /* may not be used depending on compile options */

    /* Doing this ahead of the switch statement preserves the old behaviour,
       where attempting to use kill as a taint test would fail on
       platforms where kill was not defined.  */
#ifndef HAS_KILL
    if (type == OP_KILL)